Family nursing research theory and practice friedman pdf

Family Engagement In Person Centered Care

FAMILY STRENGTHS

to Enhance

NURSING CARE

BARBARA J. SITTNER, PHD, RN

DIANE BRAGE HUDSON, PHD, RN

AND JOHN DEFRAIN, PHD

ABSTRACT This article was written to help nurses better understand the family strengths framework and encourage them to incorporate family strengths into the nursing care they give. In times of stress or crisis for families, nurses can use the conceptual framework of family strengths as a mecha- nism to promote strong, healthy relationships. The family strengths perspective identifies and builds on positive attributes in family functioning. Family strengths qualities are (a) commitment, (b) appreciation and affection, (c) positive communication, (d) time together, (e) a sense of spiri- tual well-being, and (f) the ability to cope with stress and crisis. With the family strengths approach, nurses help families define their visions and hopes for the future instead of looking at what factors contribute to family problems. Family strengths assessment can be used in nursing practice, nursing education, and everyday life. Key Words: Family; Family psychology; Nursing; Nursing methods.

November/December 2007 MCN 353

The purpose of this article is to familiarizenurses with the family strengths perspectiveand encourage them to incorporate familystrengths into nursing practice. The conceptof family strengths has been studied for sev-eral decades and describes a family that functions optimally in support of the individual members. When nurses use a family strengths theoretical framework in their nursing care instead of focusing on trying to im- prove deficits of family functioning, they pay attention to strengthening families. DeFrain and Stinnett (1992) have emphasized that a healthy family may be stronger in one area than another, and that strengths may overlap with each other.

Nursing care traditionally has been practiced within the complexity of families and has included culturally compe- tent, holistic care (Campinha-Bacote, 1999; Leininger & McFarland, 2002; Munoz & Luckmann, 2005). It is well known that the family environment may have a positive or a negative effect on individuals in the family, depending on the family’s values, beliefs, and ability to manage change. Historically, ecomaps, genograms, and family assessment tools have assisted nurses in better understanding family systems, subsystems, and relationships (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003; McCubbin & McCubbin, 1993; Smilk- stein, 1978; Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004). When using a family strengths framework to design nursing care, nurses enhance their care by moving beyond culture and holism and plan their care based on an assessment of each family’s strengths, thereby helping the families they serve enhance their strongest characteristics.

Background on Family Research Research on successful families has been ongoing for decades (Woodhouse, 1930). An important pioneer in fami- ly strength research was Otto (1962, 1963), who provided psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors, social workers, and family educators with a framework for family strengths con- cepts. Otto examined types of personal interaction that fam- ily members believed contributed to the strength of their family. Family strength was viewed as the result of numer- ous factors, some of which tend to change over the lifespan. According to Otto, some important factors included (a) nur- turing, (b) support, (c) parental discipline, (d) encourage- ment of growth and maturation of all family members, (e) spiritual well-being of members, (f) good communication, (g) problem-solving skills, and (h) meaningful participation.

In a subsequent study, Gabler and Otto (1964) noted many different definitions and interpretations of the family strengths concept. They examined the literature in social work, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology written be- tween 1942 and 1962 and discovered that family strengths consisted of 15 categories of functioning (Table 1). They al- so found that 68% of family strength references fell into four categories: (a) family as a strength within itself, (b) strong marriage, (c) strength as parents, and (d) parents helping children to develop. In the 1970s, Stinnett and Sauer (1977) conducted the Family Strengths Research Pro-

ject to examine characteristics of strong families. Partici- pants were partners in first-time marriages, with both spouses living in the home with at least one child under the age of 21. Families selected to participate needed to have a high degree of marital happiness, satisfying parent-child re- lationships, and the ability to fulfill each other’s needs. A survey of these families indicated that expressing apprecia- tion, spending time together, good communication, and a sense of spirituality were essential components of a strong family.

Qualities of family strengths surfaced again with a na- tional research study by Stinnett and DeFrain (1985). Newspapers throughout the United States were asked to “run a story” calling for families who consider themselves a “strong family” to participate in a research study about what makes families succeed. Six family strength qualities emerged from the data:

1. Commitment (focusing on promoting family welfare and happiness, balancing relationships, sharing re- sponsibilities, not overcommitting to activities outside the home, and setting common goals)

354 VOLUME 32 | NUMBER 6 November/December 2007

TTAABBLLEE 11. Original15 Categories of Family Functioning

Categories of Family Functioning

q Family as a Strength Within Itself

q Strong Marriage

q Strength as Parents

q Parents Help Children to Develop

q Relationships Within the Family

q Family Does Things Together

q Social and Economic Status Satisfactory

q Religious Beliefs

q Home Environment

q Activities in Community Affairs

q Education

q Capacity to Change

q Relationships With In-Laws

q Attitudes Toward Sex

q Recognizing the Need for and Accepting Help

Note. Adapted from Gabler and Otto (1964).

taining ongoing communication was very important so “everybody’s informed” and then they would have “help if you needed it.” Family members were kept current by at- tending prenatal visits, telephoning each other, and receiv- ing frequent hospital or home visits. Families enjoyed spending time together by celebrating special occasions and “carving out time” to be with each other. The women ap- preciated the assistance they received from their family, friends, church, and healthcare providers. One mentioned that to help her cope she would “debrief by calling a good friend.” Another mentioned her church was “taking care of them” by “checking up on us” and arranging meals for the family while she was on bed rest. Spiritual well-being was identified as a major source of strength for the families by statements such as the church is “a very, very big part of

2. Appreciation and affection (positive recognition in a positive environment to enhance personal self-worth)

3. Positive communication (respectfully using listening and conversation skills to discuss family issues with- out attacking each other)

4. Enjoyable time together (to enhance relationships and establish family identities)

5. A sense of spiritual well-being (a unifying force that brings meaning and purpose to guide lives)

6. The ability to cope with stress and crisis (uniting the family through good communication skills, adding humor to the situation, keeping things in perspective)

Today the study of family strengths has evolved interna- tionally in other cultural contexts, with studies taking place with more than 24,000 family members in 28 countries (Asay, 2003; Casas, Stinnett, DeFrain, Williams, & Lee, 1984; Xie, DeFrain, Meredith, & Combs, 1996; Yoo et al., 2005). Consistent findings over the decades have reinforced the family strengths framework from culture to culture, finding that no matter the culture, family strengths are more similar than different. Collectively, re- searchers throughout the world have developed an International Family Strengths Network de- voted to strengthening families on a global lev- el by hosting conferences, sponsoring research projects, and developing cross-national pro- grams (DeFrain et al., 2006).

Nursing’s Use of the Family Strengths Concept Families who experience psychosocial issues connected to acute or chronic illness rely on nurses to assist them in managing situational crisis, and nurses have a long history of study- ing psychosocial issues related to family func- tioning, family strengths, resilience, and coping with health conditions (Feeley & Gottlieb, 2000). These studies have confirmed that persons are best understood within their immediate social context or the family and that examining the entire family unit as opposed to studying each individual family member in isolation pro- vides a strong foundation for a nursing care plan (Wright & Leahy, 2000).

The Child Family Expert Panel of the American Acade- my of Nursing also acknowledges the need to incorporate family strengths into nursing. In 1999, a panel of 12 sub- specialty child-family nursing experts convened to discuss quality care and outcomes indicators for their population. After a systematic review and collaboration, core values and assumptions were identified, and family strengths sur- faced as a quality and outcome indicator (Craft-Rosenberg, Krajicek, & Shin, 2002). The panel met again in 2001 and developed a questionnaire for consumers to use as a guide to help select a healthcare provider and assess the quality of care they receive (Betz, Muennich Cowell, Lobo, & Craft- Rosenberg, 2004).

In a qualitative nursing research study, Sittner, DeFrain,

and Hudson (2005) examined the effects of high-risk preg- nancies using a family strengths framework. Previous fami- ly relationships had a major impact on the women’s ability to cope with the fluctuating circumstances of high-risk pregnancies. Six qualities of strong families emerged from the interview question “Tell me about yourself and your family.” The ability to cope with stress and crisis during a high-risk pregnancy was the most common strength identi- fied. The importance of family support and resilience was essential: one participant stated she has a “great family sup- port group” and they were “always there.” Another said, “We have a very close knit family on both sides and so they jumped right in there to help. It’s made a huge impact on how well everything has gone.” Most participants felt very fortunate to have families who were committed to help bal- ance responsibilities during their high-risk pregnancy. Main-

November/December 2007 MCN 355

Family strengths have

been identified as commitment,

appreciation and affection, positive

communication, enjoyable time

together, a sense of spiritual

well-being, and the ability to

cope with stress and crisis.

who we are as individuals and a family.” One woman men- tioned that “we have so many people praying for us” and another said “[we] are very strong in what we believe.”

Family Strengths Assessment When assessing family relationships, nurses can use the American Family Strengths Inventory (AFSI) (DeFrain et al., 2006). Participants are asked to place an “S” for strength beside the qualities they feel their family has achieved and a “G” beside those qualities that are an area of potential growth. If the particular characteristic does not apply to their family or is not a characteristic important to them, they place “NA” for not applicable. Family members doing this exercise are able to identify areas they would like to improve and areas of strength that will serve as the foun- dation for their growth and positive change together. This tool may be accessed at www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/ nf498/build/nf498.pdf.

The AFSI was not created as a diagnostic tool but as an assessment tool for generating discussion among family members and with professionals on qualities that make a family strong (Stinnett, 1979; Stin- nett, Sanders, DeFrain, & Parkhurst, 1982). It has been validated through research with more than 21,000 family members in the United States and 26 countries around the world (DeFrain & Stinnett, 2002). Cronbach’s alpha for the AFSI was 0.7217 in a re- cent reliability analysis (Reese, 2002).

Clinical Implications Three ways in which nurses can use the family strengths concept are (a) identifying strengths and providing feedback to family mem- bers, (b) assisting family members in de- veloping strengths, and (c) calling forth family strengths to achieve goals or solve a problem (Feeley & Gottlieb, 2000). To assist families with the ability to cope with stress and crisis effectively in health-related cir- cumstances, nurses can provide consistent information in the plan of care and encourage families to utilize commu- nity and counseling resources to prevent or minimize stres- sors. The key to positive communication is for healthcare providers to listen and establish a trusting relationship in which families feel free to share their viewpoint and accept professional advice without feeling ostracized for sharing their perspectives.

For some families, integrating spirituality into the plan of care assists them in coping with health and psychosocial adversities as they arise (Tanyi, 2002). It is important for nurses to understand that spiritual well-being may be or- ganized religion or may be a purely personal spirituality

that reflects the family’s own beliefs, values, and rituals. Nursing assessment may disclose their preferences and re- quests. The role of the nurse is to acknowledge the family’s spiritual perspective and implement nursing interventions that promote spirituality.

Nurses can help families to strengthen relationships in sickness and in health by first assessing the family’s commit- ments to long-term relationships, which are built on hon- esty, dependability, and physical and emotional presence. If that commitment exists or is desired, it is more likely that families will cope successfully. Nurses can instruct families that enjoyable time together during an illness is also an im- portant attribute in maintaining healthy relationships. Nurses can encourage families to be physically close, cele- brate occasions, and remember special occasions of the past. Encouraging individuals and families to express ap- preciation and affection for assistance during an illness is respectful and promotes a caring relationship based on mu- tual trust and support.

In the academic environment, it is important for nurs- ing students to be taught the family strengths

framework and its application in acute and community settings. Historically, stu-

dents have been taught to under- stand expected outcomes for an

individual or population, assess their patients for variances, identify the proper nursing di- agnosis, plan interventions, and evaluate their care man- agement strategies. This same framework can be used for incorporating family strength assessment into the inpatient high-risk obstetric curriculum.

Students can learn to use a new interview approach in

which they ask patients to de- scribe their family strengths, thus

helping to reinforce the importance of family strengths in illness and health. In-

formation obtained from the patient inter- view can be used to formulate nursing interventions

that focus on incorporating family strengths into the plan of care. For example, a family might identify their strength as spiritual well-being, and the student nurse might then include a referral to pastoral care for the pa- tient’s hospitalization. Another patient might state that at home her family had enjoyable time together because they participated in family activities; this family strength then translates into compromised family coping as the nursing diagnosis. Planned interventions could then be privacy during family visits and including the family in the plan of care, which would promote family strengths and interac- tion throughout the hospitalization.

Further study and development of family strengths are required in theory, practice, and research. Little nursing research attention has focused on developing a plan of

356 VOLUME 32 | NUMBER 6 November/December 2007

Nurses can offer

support to individuals

and family members during

the course of an illness by

using a family strengths

approach.

care that includes a family strengths assessment. Identify- ing the nature of family strengths opens a new arena for nurses to develop effective healthcare strategies and op- portunities to implement family-focused interventions to provide holistic care. <

Barbara J. Sittner is an Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing, Lincoln. She may be reached via e-mail at bsittner@unmc.edu

Diane Brage Hudson is an Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing, Lincoln.

John DeFrain is a Professor, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln.

There are no research funding sources or financial arrange- ments with any companies associated with this article.

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November/December 2007 MCN 357

Clinical Implications • Consider assessing a family’s strengths when

planning nursing care for the family.

• Help families cope with stress and crisis effectively by providing consistent information.

• Be sure to listen and work toward establishing a trusting relationship with families.

• Acknowledge the family’s individualized spiritual perspective and implement nursing interventions that promote their spiritual needs.

• Help families understand that enjoyable time together during an illness is important.

• Encourage families to be physically close and celebrate occasions.

• Encourage individuals and families to express appreciation and affection for assistance during an illness.

• Help nursing students understand the family strengths perspective.