Introduction to human communication pdf

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Introduction to Human Communication

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# 159341 Cust: OUP Au: Beauchamp Pg. No. ii Title: Introduction to Human Communication, 1e

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# 159341 Cust: OUP Au: Beauchamp Pg. No. iii Title: Introduction to Human Communication, 1e

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New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Introduction to Human Communication

PERCEPTION, MEANING, AND IDENTITY

Susan R. Beauchamp Bryant University

Stanley J. Baran Bryant University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beauchamp, Susan R., author. Introduction to human communication : perception, meaning, and identity / Susan R. Beauchamp, Bryant University; Stanley J. Baran, Bryant University. pages cm ISBN 978-0-19-026961-6 1. Communication. 2. Interpersonal communication. I. Baran, Stanley J., author. II. Title. P90.B3385 2017 153.6—dc23 2015028104

Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

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# 159341 Cust: OUP Au: Beauchamp Pg. No. v Title: Introduction to Human Communication, 1e

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Mom, every chapter of this book is, in so many ways,

influenced by your unwavering dedication to family.

We love you beyond measure.

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# 159341 Cust: OUP Au: Beauchamp Pg. No. vi Title: Introduction to Human Communication, 1e

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Preface xix

PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1 The Communication Process: Perception, Meaning, and Identity 3

2 Communication Research and Inquiry 27

3 Verbal Communication 49

4 Nonverbal Communication 71

5 Listening 93

PART 2 COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

6 Relational and Conflict Communication 115

7 Communicating in Small Groups 143

8 Organizational Communication 165

9 Intercultural Communication 187

10 Mass Communication 209

11 Media Literacy 235

12 Social Media and Communication Technologies 259

13 Persuasion and Social Influence 285

14 Health Communication 311

15 Public Speaking: An Overview 339

Glossary G-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1

Brief Contents

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Preface xix

PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER 1 The Communication Process: Perception, Meaning, and Identity 3

The Process of Creating Meaning 4 The Evolution of Communication Models 5 Transmissional, Constitutive, and Ritual Views of Communication 7

The Power of Culture 9

Communication and Perception 11

Signs and Symbols 14

Communication and Identity 17 Symbolic Interaction and the Looking Glass 18 Frame Analysis 19

What Does Communication Give You the Power to Do? 22

Review of Learning Objectives 24

Key Terms 25

Questions for Review 25

Questions for Discussion 25

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Communicating Well to Land the Job 10

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION 13

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION 17

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION 22

CHAPTER 2 Communication Research and Inquiry 27

Theory and Scientific Inquiry 28 Defining Theory 28 Scientific Inquiry 31

Contents

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Three Philosophical Questions that Shape Scientific Inquiry 33

Traditions of Communication Inquiry 35 Postpositivist Theory and Research 35 Interpretive Theory and Research 37 Critical Theory and Research 37

Tools of Observation: Research Methods 39 Experiments 40 Surveys 41 Textual Analysis 43 Mixing Methods and Traditions 43

Review of Learning Objectives 46

Key Terms 47

Questions for Review 47

Questions for Discussion 47

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: The Benefits of Critical Thinking 32

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Solving Not-So-Well-Posed Problems 35

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Communication Inquiry Needs to Be Bigger! 39

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Where Do You Draw the Line? 45

CHAPTER 3 Verbal Communication 49

The Structure of Language 50

Language and Thought 52 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 53 Metaphor 54 The Ladder of Abstraction 56

The Functions of Language 58

Language and Meaning Making 62 Situational, Social, and Cultural Meaning 62 Syntactic Ambiguity 64 Euphemisms 65

Language and Protecting Self-Identity: Politeness Theory 66

Review of Learning Objectives 68

Key Terms 69

Questions for Review 69

Questions for Discussion 69

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SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: War! What Is It Good For? 57

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Speaking Well to Do Well 59

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Lying 60

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Speaking Inclusively 67

CHAPTER 4 Nonverbal Communication 71

What Is Nonverbal Communication? 72 Similarities to Verbal Communication 73 Differences from Verbal Communication 74

Theory of Nonverbal Coding Systems 75

Types of Nonverbal Coding Systems 76 Proxemics 76 Haptics 78 Chronemics 81 Kinesics 82 Vocalics 84 Oculesics 84 Facial Expressions 85 Physical Appearance 86 Artifacts 86 Environmental Factors 88 Silence 89

The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Creating Meaning and Identity 89

Review of Learning Objectives 90

Key Terms 91

Questions for Review 91

Questions for Discussion 91

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Touching in the Workplace 79

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: On-the-Job Nonverbal Communication 81

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: How We Spend Our Time 83

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Freedom of Expression versus Professional Appearance 87

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CHAPTER 5 Listening 93

What is Listening? 94

Misconceptions About Listening 96

The Components of Effective Listening 100

Barriers to Effective Listening 101 Physical Noise 102 Psychological Noise 102 Physiological Noise 104 Semantic Noise 104 External Distractions 104 Counterproductive Listening Styles 105

Types of Listening 106

Becoming an Effective Listener 109

Review of Learning Objectives 112

Key Terms 113

Questions for Review 113

Questions for Discussion 113

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: The 80/20 Rule 96

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Being an Active Listener 102

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: The Ethics of Listening 107

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Questioning Our Cultural Speakers 108

PART 2 COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

CHAPTER 6 Relational and Conflict Communication 115

The Value of Relationships 116

The Role of Interpersonal Communication 118

Developing and Maintaining Relationships 120 Uncertainty Reduction Theory 121 Social Penetration Theory 122 Social Exchange Theory 126 Relational Dialectics Theory 127

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Interpersonal Communication and Conflict 129 Types of Conflict 131 Stages of Interpersonal Conflict 132 Conflict Management Styles 133

Resolving Conflict: What to Do and What Not to Do 135 What to Do 135 What Not to Do 137

Review of Learning Objectives 139

Key Terms 140

Questions for Review 141

Questions for Discussion 141

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Mastering the Soft Skills 117

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: It Takes Two to Tango, but Someone Has to Lead 119

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Beauty Is Only Screen Deep 123

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Sugar-Coated Hostility 138

CHAPTER 7 Communicating in Small Groups 143

Types of Groups 144

Dynamics of Group Structure 145 Informal and Formal Communication in Groups 148 Structuration Theory 148 The Five Stages of Group Development 149 Group Cohesion and Breakdown 152 Systems Theory 153

Leadership and Power 154 Styles of Leadership 155 Forms of Power 156

Improving Your Group Communication Skills 159

Review of Learning Objectives 161

Key Terms 163

Questions for Review 163

Questions for Discussion 163

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Forming a Group 146

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: You Make the Rules 150

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Our Responsibility to the Group 155

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: 12 Cs for Successful Teamwork 160

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CHAPTER 8 Organizational Communication 165

Defining Organizational Communication 166

Types and Movement of Organizational Messages 167 Upward Messages 168 Downward Messages 170 Horizontal Messages 170

The Organization as a System 173

Positive and Negative Organizational Communication Traits 175

Organizational Climate and Culture 177 Strong Organizational Cultures 181 Dealing with Diversity in an Organizational Culture 182

Review of Learning Objectives 184

Key Terms 185

Questions for Review 185

Questions for Discussion 185

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Could You Blow the Whistle? 169

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Status Update: I’ve Just Been Fired 172

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Dealing with On-the-Job Conflict 178

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Doing Well by Doing Good 180

CHAPTER 9 Intercultural Communication 187

What Is Intercultural Communication? 188

Obstacles to Intercultural Communication 189

The “Naturalness” of Prejudice: Two Theories of Culture and Identity 192 Social Identity Theory 192 Identity Negotiation Theory 193

Accelerators of Intercultural Communication 194

How Cultural Values Shape Communication 197

Attitudes Toward Diversity and the Problem with Tolerance 202

Review of Learning Objectives 206

Key Terms 207

Questions for Review 207

Questions for Discussion 207

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SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Stereotyping versus Generalizing 190

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Cultural Participation 196

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: What Would You Say? 197

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Improving On-the-Job Intercultural Communication 199

CHAPTER 10 Mass Communication 209

What Is Mass Communication? 210 Why Study Mass Communication? 211 Interpersonal Communication versus Mass Communication 212

Culture, Communication, and Mass Media 215

Characteristics of Media Consumers 219

Characteristics of Media Industries 221

Theories of Mass Communication 226

Review of Learning Objectives 231

Key Terms 232

Questions for Review 232

Questions for Discussion 232

PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: The Third-Person Effect 217

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: The Role of the Photojournalist 222

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Finding a Career in the Media 226

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Media Conduct 229

CHAPTER 11 Media Literacy 235

What Is Media Literacy? 236 Media Literacy Scholarship 238 Some Core Concepts of Media Literacy 242

Media Literacy Questions 244

What Does It Mean to Be Media Literate? 246 Characteristics of Media-Literate People 246 The Skill of Being Media Literate 251

Media Literacy and Meaning Making 253 Media Literacy and Identity 253 Media Literacy and Democracy 255

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