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Social Policy for Children and Families Third Edition

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Social Policy for Children and Families

A Risk and Resilience Perspective

Third Edition

Edited by

Jeffrey M. Jenson University of Denver

Mark W. Fraser University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill

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FOR INFORMATION:

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Copyright © 2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including

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photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Social policy for children and families: a risk and resilience perspective / edited by Jeffrey M. Jenson, Mark W. Fraser. — Third edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978–1–4833–4455–3 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Children—Government policy—United States. 2. Child welfare—United States. 3. Youth—Government policy—United States. 4. Family policy—United States. 5. Developmental psychology. 6. Child development. I. Jenson, Jeffrey M. II. Fraser, Mark W., 1946–

HV741.S623 2016

362.82’5610973—dc23      2014048506

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Publisher: Kassie Graves

Editorial Assistant: Carrie Montoya

Production Editor: Jane Haenel

Copy Editor: Allan Harper

Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.

Proofreader: Jeff Bryant

Indexer: Jean Casalegno

Cover Designer: Gail Buschman

Marketing Manager: Shari Countryman

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Contents Acknowledgments Introduction 1. A Risk and Resilience Framework for Child, Youth, and Family Policy 2. Antipoverty Policies and Programs for Children and Families 3. Child Welfare Policies and Programs 4. Education Policy for Children, Youth, and Families 5. Child Mental Health Policy: Promise Without Fulfillment? 6. Health Policy for Children and Youth 7. Policies and Programs for Children and Youth With Disabilities 8. Policies and Programs for Adolescent Substance Abuse 9. Juvenile Justice Policies and Programs 10. Toward the Integration of Child, Youth, and Family Policy: Applying Principles of Risk, Resilience, and Ecological Theory Index About the Editors About the Contributors

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Acknowledgments

The ideas expressed in the third edition of this volume address many of the most pressing problems confronting children, youth, and families in American society. We thank each of the chapter authors for providing important new information about innovative approaches to public policy in their respective service delivery sectors. Each author’s commitment to expanding the application of principles of risk, protection, and resilience to the design, implementation, and evaluation of social policies for young people and their families is exemplary. A book such as this one owes a great debt to many people behind the scenes. Thanks to Diane Wyant of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Jenifer Rinner of the University of Denver for administrative and technical support in manuscript preparation. Finally, special thanks to Mary, Nils, and Anna Jenson and to Mary, Alex, and Katy Fraser for the daily reminders of what it means to be a family.

—Jeffrey M. Jenson

—Mark W. Fraser

SAGE Publications acknowledges the contributions of the following reviewers:

Lisa R. Caya, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Michael Cheang, University of Hawaii at Manoa Jennifer Cornish Genovese, Syracuse University Angela Fontes, NORC at the University of Chicago Clinton G. Gudmunson, Iowa State University Ivan L. Page, Albany State University Carlos Perez, Lubbock Christian University Wendy Thompson, Andrews University

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Introduction

Much has been written about risk and protective factors associated with social and health problems. Begun some 35 years ago, research to trace the causes of behavior problems in young people has led to a new understanding of the individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors that affect developmental and, indeed, life course outcomes. In recent years, attention has been directed to increasing our understanding of the concept of resilience, which is commonly thought of as a child’s capacity to overcome adverse life circumstances (Fraser, Kirby, & Smokowski, 2004). Knowledge of risk and resilience has been widely used to improve the efficacy of prevention and treatment programs for vulnerable children and families (Catalano et al., 2012; Jenson & Bender, 2014).

In the first and second editions of this book, we argued that the principles of risk, protection, and resilience held great promise for the design of social policies and the delivery of social programs for children and families. We also noted that knowledge gained from longitudinal investigations of risk, protection, and resilience in children and youth was rarely applied to social policy. Our view has not changed. We still have much to learn about the etiological processes of risk and resilience and about the application of these principles to social interventions and programs. However, considerable progress in understanding principles of risk, protection, and resilience has been made since the publication of the first two editions of this book. Equally important, advances in fields such as public health and prevention science—in which research-based knowledge is used to design prevention interventions—are now having a practical and significant effect on social policies. innovative policies and programs based on risk and resilience are all the more evident in each of the chapters in the third edition. Clearly, one dramatic example of change and innovation lies in health-care reform, exemplified by the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PL 11– 148). This legislation and other new policies affecting the nation’s children and families are reviewed in this edition. We hope that this book will help students, practitioners, policymakers, and researchers apply principles of risk and resilience to the design of social and health policies.