Which of the following can be considered characteristics of drug couriers?

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Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal

5th Edition, 2014

ISBN-13: 9780133494952

John L. Worrall

Prentice Hall

01/15

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

5

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

Typically, the lowest-level court(s) in a given state is/are: 1.

courts of general jurisdiction.a. the state supreme court.b. intermediate appellate courts.c. courts of limited jurisdiction. d.

Each state has its own highest court, typically referred to as: 2.

superior courts.a. intermediate appellate courts.b. state supreme courts.c. courts of limited jurisdiction. d.

At the federal level, the lowest-level trial court is referred to as: 3.

U.S. Supreme Court.a. U. S. courts of appeals.b. district courts.c. trial courts. d.

When an appellate court reverses a lower court’s decision, it: 4.

nullifies or sets aside a trial verdict. a. adjudicates the case.b. sends the case to a higher court for reviewc. sets the defendant free.d.

When an appellate court agrees with a lower court’s decision, it _____ that decision. 5.

reversesa. affirmsb. remandsc. vacates d.

In order for a case to reach the Supreme Court, the court must decide whether it wants to 6. hear the case. If the Supreme Court agrees that case is worth deciding, it issues what is known as a:

lex loci.a. jus cogens.b. certiorari.c. writ of certiorari.d.

6

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following is NOT a reason a “bright-line” decision may be helpful? 7.

It promotes consistency.a. It promotes clarity and predictability.b. It is ambiguous. c. It is subject to very little interpretation. d.

Police conduct that is considered reasonable by the police officer engaged in the conduct is 8. referred to as:

subjective reasonableness.a. objective reasonableness.b. reasonable objectiveness.c. unreasonable objectiveness. d.

The term “objective reasonableness” in criminal procedure refers to: 9.

what a single individual believes is reasonable.a. what a reasonable person believes is reasonable.b. what a jury believes is reasonable.c. what a reasonable person would do or feel under the circumstances. d.

Judicial restraint refers to: 10.

limiting decisions to the facts of each case.a. deciding cases based on additional, hypothetical situations.b. interpreting complex legal issues.c. relying on case law to determine outcomes. d.

The past Supreme Court requirement that a physical intrusion by authorities must have taken 11. place to violate one’s privacy is referred to as the:

electronic communication protection doctrine.a. privacy doctrine.b. trespass doctrine.c. physical protection doctrine. d.

7

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

In the Section 1983 context, the requirement that the plaintiff (i.e., the party suing) 12. generally has to prove that the defendant officer intended for the violation to occur is referred to as

liabilitya. credibilityb. accountability c. culpability d.

In the Section 1983 context, the theory that an officer who violated a plaintiff’s 13. constitutional rights under color of state law should be held liable is referred to as:

individual liability.a. criminal liability.b. culpability.c. civil liability. d.

There are three nonjudicial remedies available for police misconduct. Which of the 14. following is/are NOT one of them?

Internal reviewa. Civilian reviewb. Mediationc. All of the above are nonjudicial remedies. d.

A nonjudicial remedy in which the police investigate on their own complaints against officers 15. is:

internal review.a. civilian review.b. mediation.c. judicial review. d.

Which is the strongest method of citizen input in which a civilian panel investigates, 16. adjudicates, and recommends punishment to the police chief?

Internal reviewa. Civilian reviewb. Mediationc. Judicial review d.

8

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

A method of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party renders disciplinary 17. decisions is referred to as:

internal review.a. civilian review.b. mediation.c. judicial review. d.

One way to determine if a Fourth Amendment seizure of a person has occurred is to ask if a 18. reasonable person would believe that he or she is:

free to post bail.a. speak to an attorney. b. free to decline the officer’s requests and terminate the encounter.c. None of the above. d.

In which case did the Supreme Court state that a seizure has occurred if the officer’s 19. conduct in conjunction with the questioning would convince a reasonable person that he or she is not free to leave?

Terry v. Ohioa. Dunaway v. New Yorkb. California v. Hodari Dc. Brinegar v. United States d.

Which of the following is necessary for the police to engage in actions that trigger the Fourth 20. Amendment? Examples include probable cause and reasonable suspicion.

Justificationa. Standard recognition b. Validationc. Authentication d.

This term refers to more than bare suspicion; it exists when “the facts and circumstances 21. within [the officers’] knowledge and of which they [have] reasonably trustworthy information [are] sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [suspect] had committed or was committing an offense.”

Reasonable suspiciona. Justificationb. Probable causec. Administrative justification d.

9

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Probable cause may be established in many ways. Which of the following would be an 22. example?

Flight from the scenea. Suspicious conductb. Incriminating evidencec. All of the above d.

In several arrest cases, the courts have considered what sources of information meet the 23. probable cause burden. Three main sources of information have been examined. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Informants and other third partiesa. Uncorroborated phone tipsb. Firsthand knowledgec. Information that turns out, after the fact, to be mistaken but is reasonably relied on d.

Justification that falls below probable cause but above a hunch is referred to as: 24.

reasonable suspicion.a. probable cause.b. justification.c. administrative justification. d.

Which level of justification is required for stops and investigative detentions that fall short of 25. arrests?

Reasonable suspiciona. Probable causeb. Justificationc. Administrative justification d.

Which standard is used to support certain regulatory and special needs searches? It was 26. created by the Supreme Court and adopts a balancing approach, weighing the privacy interests of individuals with the interests of society in preserving public safety.

Reasonable suspiciona. Probable causeb. Justificationc. Administrative justification d.

10

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

The courts have required that administrative searches be conducted according to: 27.

probable cause.a. objective, standardized procedures.b. departmental standards.c. officer discretion. d.

Which was the first Supreme Court case to recognize administrative justification? 28.

Camara v. Municipal Courta. United States v. Biswellb. New York v. Burgerc. Donovan v. Dewey d.

In Dunaway v. New York, the Supreme Court ruled that: 29.

border detention cases must have reasonable suspicion.a. before a juvenile is questioned, the officer must have probable causeb. a custodial interrogation must be supported by probable cause.c. encounters between police and citizens on the street must be recorded, brief, and d. nonintrusive.

For a Title III warrant to be issued, the warrant application must do which of the following? 30.

a. Provide a statement of the period of time for which the interception is required to be maintained. b. Contain a description of all the equipment that will be used to monitor the communication. c. All of the above. d. None of the above.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that deadly force may be used when (1) it is 31. necessary to prevent the suspect’s escape, and (2) the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses a serious threat of death or causes serious physical injury to other people or police officers?

Davis v. Mississippia. Graham v. Connorb. Tennessee v. Garnerc. Carroll v. United States d.

11

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following is/are restrictions imposed on the police regarding the timing of 32. search warrants?

The service of a search warrant should take place promptly after its issuance.a. Judges commonly restrict the service of warrants to the daytime hours.b. Once the item in the warrant has been discovered, the search must be terminated.c. All the above d.

The methods used to spy on criminal suspects, such as wiretapping, video surveillance, 33. thermal imagers, and “gun detectors,” are referred to as:

electronic surveillance.a. investigative techniques.b. entrapment procedures.c. exploratory measures. d.

In which case did the Supreme Court consider a statute that permitted eavesdropping orders 34. to be issued by magistrates if the police showed reasonable grounds that evidence of a crime would be discovered?

Katz v. United States,a. Berger v. New Yorkb. United States v. Leonc. United States v. Giordano d.

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act is federal legislation enacted in 35. 1968 that set forth detailed guidelines on how authorities could intercept:

wire communications.a. oral communications.b. electronic communications.c. all of the above. d.

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act and the Electronic 36. Communications Privacy Act amend that in order for the government to intercept almost any wire, oral, and electronic communications among private parties, it must have:

an informant.a. probable cause.b. reasonable suspicion.c. a valid search warrant. d.

12

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following statutes has restricted or continues to restrict electronic surveillance? 37.

Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968a. Electronic Communications Privacy Actb. 1986 amendments to Title IIIc. All of the above d.

Which type of warrant permits interception of electronic communications? 38.

Section 1983a. Title IIIb. Title IXc. Section 242 d.

In regards to automobile searches, the term “automobile” includes which of the following? 39.

Airplanesa. Boatsb. Carsc. All of the above. d.

Which of the following is NOT a doctrine governing searches of automobiles? 40.

prior encounters with the drivera. incident to arrestb. under the plain view doctrinec. with consent of the automobile’s occupant d.

Which Supreme Court case upheld the common-law rule that arrests made in public do not 41. need to be predicated on a warrant?

Devenpeck v. Alforda. United States v. Morenob. United States v. Watsonc. Atwater v. City of Lago Vista d.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requires a showing of: 42.

disparate effect.a. disparate impact.b. discouraging impact.c. dishonest effect. d.

13

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

The plain view doctrine first emerged from the Supreme Court’s decision in which case? 43.

Whren v. United Statesa. Yick Wo v. Hopkinsb. State v. Cartyc. Coolidge d.

A plain view seizure is authorized when: 44.

the police are lawfully in the area where the evidence is located.a. the items are immediately apparent as subject to seizure.b. the discovery of the items to be seized is inadvertent.c. All of the above d.

For an item to be lawfully seized under the plain view doctrine, it must be “immediately 45. apparent” to the officer that the item is subject to seizure. This means that the officer must

Be absolutely certain the item is contraband.a. Be reasonably certain that the item is contraband.b. Have probable cause that the item is contraband.c. Have a hunch that the item is contraband. d.

In which case did the Supreme Court create the “immediately apparent” requirement for a 46. valid plain view seizure?

Arizona v. Hicksa. Horton v. Californiab. Minnesota v. Dickersonc. Coolidge v. New Hampshire d.

A frisk must be supported by reasonable suspicion that the suspect is: 47.

likely to escape.a. armed and dangerous.b. engaged in criminal activity.c. posing a threat to destroy evidence. d.

Cases dealing with stops for loitering are: 48.

constitutionally acceptable.a. necessary.b. advisory.c. constitutionally questionable. d.

14

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following can be considered characteristics of drug couriers? 49.

Use of large denominations of currencya. Excessive number of bagsb. Travel to and from major drug import centersc. Carrying a small amount of cash d.

In Elmore v. United States, the Fifth Circuit said the following can be considered 50. characteristics of drug couriers:

Unusual itinerarya. Use of an aliasb. Carrying little or no luggagec. All of the above. d.

Where does drug courier profiling occur? 51.

Airportsa. U.S. highwaysb. county roadsc. a and b only d.

Which of the following has been defined as an “encounter in which contact is initiated by a 52. police officer without any articulable reason whatsoever and the citizen is briefly asked some questions”?

Investigative detentiona. Consent searchb. Exploratory searchc. Consensual seizure d.

A temporary involuntary detention which must be predicated on reasonable suspicion is 53. referred to as:

investigative detention.a. consent search.b. exploratory search.c. consensual seizure. d.

Which of the following is true of consent searches? 54.

Probable cause is not required.a. Citizens remain free to decline the officer’s request to conduct a search.b. The person must feel free to decline or refuse.c. All of the aboved.

15

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

In which case did the Supreme Court declare that checkpoints for the purpose of detecting 55. evidence of criminal activity are unconstitutional?

Carroll v. United Statesa. Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitzb. Delaware v. Prousec. City of Indianapolis v. Edmond d.

In O’Connor v. Ortega the Supreme Court ruled that searches of government employees’ 56. offices are acceptable if they are limited to detecting:

evidence of criminal activity.a. evidence of work-related misfeasance.b. work-related documents.c. personal effects. d.

Which of the following is a type of drug and alcohol testing NOT sanctioned by the Supreme 57. Court?

Employee testinga. Student testingb. Hospital patient testingc. None of the above d.

In which case did the Supreme Court hold that it is permissible to search a probationer’s 58. home without a warrant and based on reasonable suspicion was constitutional?

Griffin v. Wisconsina. Veronia School District 47J v. Actonb. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scottc. United States v. Knights d.

Which of the following is a search that requires no justification at all? 59.

Inspectiona. Checkpointb. Drug testc. Consent search d.

16

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

The scope of consent is: 60.

limitless.a. heavily restricted.b. limited to the type of consent given.c. subject to the same rules as search warrants. d.

A controversial law enforcement practice used to obtain consent to search in the absence of 61. probable cause is called:

knock and ask.a. knock and demand.b. knock and talk.c. knock and search. d.

The Supreme Court has sanctioned school disciplinary searches for which grades? 62.

K-6a. K-9b. K-12c. All grades and public college d.

For consent to be constitutionally valid, it must be: 63.

voluntary.a. not the result of duress.b. freely given.c. all of the above. d.

After a suspect asserts his or her Miranda rights, questioning: 64.

must cease as a general rule.a. may continue under limited circumstances.b. can occur later regarding another crime with a new Miranda advisement and waiver.c. All of the above d.

A Miranda waiver must be: 65.

knowing.a. intelligent.b. voluntary.c. all of the above. d.

17

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

In which recent case did the Supreme Court reaffirm Miranda? 66.

Massiah v. United Statesa. Dickerson v. United Statesb. Harris v. New Yorkc. United States v. Bayer d.

Which exception to Miranda exists if there is a threat to third parties? 67.

Exigent circumstancesa. Public safetyb. Emergencyc. Impracticality d.

Which of the following is the “Christian burial” case in which the Supreme Court held that 68. the police violated the suspect’s Sixth Amendment rights by deliberately engaging in conduct designed to elicit incriminating information?

Miranda v. Arizonaa. United States v. Henryb. Brewer v. Williams c. Kuhlmann v. Wilson d.

With respect to the Sixth Amendment approach to confessions and interrogations, which of 69. the following can be considered a formal criminal proceeding?

Indictmenta. Arraignmentb. Formal chargec. All of the above d.

When a suspect makes an involuntary statement, his or her statement will not be admissible 70. in a criminal trial to prove guilt. This is known as the:

Miranda approach.a. Massiah doctrine.b. Due process voluntariness approach.c. Fifth Amendment rule. d.

18

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

What do the courts pay attention to when deciding whether a confession is voluntary? 71.

The nature of the police conducta. The characteristics of the accusedb. Whether or not force was usedc. All of the above d.

Which of the following, by itself, will automatically render a confession involuntary? 72.

Psychological pressuresa. Promises of leniencyb. Deceptionc. None of the above d.

Identifications resulting from illegal searches and seizures are: 73.

never admissible.a. always admissible.b. sometimes admissible.c. None of the above d.

When a witness identifies the suspect for the first time in court, this is best known as a(n): 74.

trial identification.a. trial showup.b. in-court identification.c. in-court showup. d.

Which of the following deals with whether the witness’s testimony is to be believed? 75.

Credibilitya. Impeachmentb. Competency c. Discrediting d.

Which of the following is the formal legal term for bolstering a witness’s credibility? 76.

Credibilitya. Impeachmentb. Competencyc. Accrediting d.

19

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following terms pertains to a witness’s ability to remember events, communicate 77. effectively, and understand the importance of telling the truth?

Credibilitya. Impeachmentb. Competencec. Accrediting d.

Which case addressed that specific rules govern the processes of accrediting and discrediting 78. a witness’s credibility?

United States v. Pricea. People v. Banksb. Manson v. Braithwaitec. Simmons v. United States d.

Attacking a witness’s credibility is referred to as: 79.

liable.a. discrediting. b. impeachment.c. None of the above d.

When the credibility of a witness is attacked, the side that produced the witness can take 80. steps to bolster his or her credibility, either by calling other witnesses or introducing other evidence. This process is known as:

restructuring. a. rehabilitation.b. redistricting. c. transforming. d.

During a criminal trial, which type of in-court questioning occurs when a defense witness is 81. first questioned by the defense attorney?

Direct examinationa. Cross-examinationb. Redirect examinationc. Re-cross-examination d.

20

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following is intended to prevent hasty, malicious, improvident, and oppressive 82. prosecutions?

Triala. Pretrial release hearingb. Preliminary hearingc. Arraignment d.

Once a person has been formally charged, he or she will be: 83.

released prior to trial.a. arraigned.b. scheduled for a probable cause hearing.c. sent to jail. d.

Which of the actions below may be taken at an arraignment? 84.

The judge will advise the accused of the charges.a. The accused may plead guilty.b. The accused may plead not guilty and request a jury trial.c. All of the above may occur. d.

Which of the following is NOT a valid plea that can be entered at arraignment? 85.

Guiltya. Not guiltyb. Nolo prosequi c. Nolo contendere d.

According to the Federal Rules of Evidence, the defense may discover which of the following 86. from the prosecution?

Transcriptions of oral statements made by the defendanta. The defendant’s prior criminal recordb. Results from physical and/or mental evaluationsc. All of the above d.

Which of the following statements is true concerning discovery? 87.

The defense can learn about aspects of the prosecution’s case.a. The prosecution can learn about aspects of the defense’s case.b. The prosecution is limited in terms of what it can “discover.”c. All of the above d.

21

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following refers to discovery that “works both ways”? 88.

Work producta. Nonreciprocal discoveryb. Reciprocal discoveryc. None of the above d.

With regard to discovery, prosecution or defense “strategy” is also referred to as: 89.

preparationa. work productb. perspectivec. hearsay d.

Which of the following usually takes place after a pretrial release decision has been made? 90.

Preliminary hearinga. Arraignmentb. Initial appearancec. All of the above. d.

The prosecution is only bound to disclose exculpatory evidence that would have what 91. probability of changing the outcome of the case?

Guaranteeda. Reasonably probableb. Plausiblec. None of the above. d.

Which term(s) is/are used to describe the defendant’s explanation to the judge concerning his 92. or her guilty plea?

Allocution a. Narrativeb. Supporting statementc. All of the above may be used d.

Nowadays, grand jury operations are: 93.

closely tied to the prosecutor.a. independent from the prosecutor.b. only remotely connected to the prosecutor.c. always advised by the courts, not prosecutors.d.

22

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following statements is true concerning grand juries? 94.

The right to grand jury indictment has been incorporated.a. The right to a grand jury indictment appears in the Sixth Amendment.b. Several states require grand jury indictments for felonies.c. All of the above d.

A criminal charge filed by a grand jury is known as a(n): 95.

information.a. charge.b. arraignment.c. None of the above d.

Grand jury indictments will be the charging mechanism of choice when: 96.

the case is of great political significance.a. the grand jury’s investigative powers are useful.b. one or more witnesses is/are hesitant to speak in open court.c. the case is of great public interest.d. All of the above e.

Today, what is the size of the typical grand jury? 97.

5 - 10 peoplea. 7 - 15 peopleb. 16 - 20 peoplec. 30 - 35 people d.

Which of the following statements is most true concerning grand jury voting requirements? 98.

The vote must be unanimous.a. The vote can be less than unanimous.b. Voting requirements differ by state.c. All of the above d.

When a grand jury decides there is enough evidence for an indictment, it issues a(n): 99.

complaint.a. information.b. true bill.c. statement of noncollusion. d.

23

Final Examination

BCJ 240 Procedures in the Justice System

Which of the following is NOT a reason for grand jury secrecy? 100.

To prevent the escape of those whose indictment may be contemplateda. To insure the utmost freedom to the grand jury in its deliberationsb. To protect powerful people from damaging public prosecutionc. To protect the innocent accusedd.

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