Radio and Navigation System Report

            In this project, there is the complete design of the radio navigation system in detail. According to this theory of the radio and navigation system. The AM is called Amplitude modulation and it is involved in showing the amplitude of the receiving signal. The strength of the radio signal is only varied with the help of radio signal the complete circuit diagram of the system is given that is basically the circuit diagram of the AM receiver device is given. This diagram will be upgraded in a perfect way. In the given circuit there are about 5 capacitors are attached. The input of this circuit is about 12 volts DC.

        In this report, there will be a complete explanation of the radio design in detail and why this design is perfect. In this report, the AM system will become perfect and also enhance the system so due to this the audio signal can be increased easily.

Evidence of planning of Radio and Navigation System

Reflection of Radio and Navigation System

            In the start, this project was very much difficult for me to handle because I have too much learning about this project. Then after some time, I have gained information about the AM and FM radio signals in detail and then started working on this report. Then I start to plan about what is required to check out the detail about the radio signal. In the start, I want to work on creating the AM and FM signal and set its specification in a proper way.

Gantlet chart of Radio and Navigation System

How the Gantlet chart changed of Radio and Navigation System

The Gantlet chart will be changed just according to the requirement of the project only. According to that scenario, it will be the same and will not change.

SWOT analysis of Radio and Navigation System

Strength:

The strength of this project is that we can easily able to learn many things about radio signals

Weakness:

the weakness is that its scope is too much little

Opportunity:

many new innovations are coming in radio signals

Threat :

 there is no such threat to this field.

Evidence of measuring inductance

            The main part for measuring the AM and FM signal of the radio signal is the measurement of the inductance. This is because through the help of inductance only the value of amplitude and frequency of the signal will be changed only. This can be done with the help of the inductance meter. But this is not the required solution because in the inductance meter there are a lot of problems and these problems are very important. First of all, the most important problem is that these inductors are not common in the market. These kinds of meter are extremely hard to find in the market and they are also extremely expansive. The next problem is that these meters only work at low current and we are totally unaware of the required frequency. Due to this the results will not be the same and will lead towards inaccuracy. The best way to find the inductance of the induct or is to solve it manually.

The simple method for measuring inductance is given in the part below

        For that case, there is a need of 6.3 v Step-down transformer. This is a small transformer and this is good because through these transformers minimum current can be passed easily. These small transformers also able to minimize the limitations of current. The next component is resistor and decade box and these components can be found in college labs.

        The first main step is that you have to attach the resistor decade box, and then after this set the maximum resistance in the proper way. Then after this in the next step connect this resistor box in series with the induct or. This is because through this current can be limit easily through a resistor. Then after this in the next step connect one lead of this box and attach it to the output of the step-down power transformer before supply the current. Then after this power is applied to the primary part of the transformer, adjust the resistance of the decade box. For that case, the same voltage is applied at the resistor and induct or. In the last step just measure the resistance from the decade box. This number will be equal to the reactance of the decade box. Then after this in the next step just calculate the inductance through this formula,

(Coilgun, 2018)

Evidence of investigating different AM receiver designs including the given design

AM Receiver Circuit

Application of Radio and Navigation System

The simple application is a am receiver project containing three transistors and this circuit can catch wave station from different areas

Description of Radio and Navigation System
The circuit is basically a general-purpose transistor an example is 3 BC109C transistors. In the schematic provided below the BOM is shown by an inductor of 200 microhenries any circuit also contains trimmer capacitor having a capacity of 150-500pf. These different parts can be used for the formulation of old am radio stations MP SOS directional nature of different tuning coil by adjusting knob of the capacitor at radio reception.  The transistor of 120 k is used for regenerating feedback that is provided between the input of the tank circuit as well as Q2 NPN transistor (Aminaei, et al., 2018). The entire performance of a receiver is based upon the value of the resistor. The replacement of variable resistance pairs with fixed resistance can be used for sensitivity Calculation and oscillation development.   All the points of the circuit are short points that minimize interference (Belfiori, et al., 2012). The stray capacitance plays a recessive role in the layout of the circuit to verify the performance and inductive winding is also used. The change in the capacitance as well as resistance from the potential changes the feedback of loop and performance for the receiver. Small circuit induces impact on the construction and environment,  handling of the circuit becomes easy, experimentation becomes fun and the best optimal outcomes are provided by the smaller circuits (Electroschematics, 2018).

The basic crystal radio circuit of Radio and Navigation System

            In case of a basic crystal radio circuit, unable circuits are used for the Crystal detectors and in the pair of headphones. The simplest form of crystal radio circuit is provided in the figure below. The simple crystal radio circuit consists of four components including variable capacitors and conductors diodes and headphones. The variable capacitor is in the form of tuned circuits while diode acts as an envelope of the detector (Amine, et al., 2018).   The circuit performance improves after matching of the antenna. In the present situation, combination in the L1 circuit along with the range of VC1 is selected for the variation in frequency ranges. Typically, the medium wave band is described in the circuit. In different circuits diode detector that is D1 is developed as a cat's whiskers assembly while the signal diode is also constructed in the circuit (Belfiori, et al., 2012). In the typical situation, Scottish diode, as well as Germanium diode, are the optimized devices that reduces the voltage in the Silicon devices when turned on. The turn-off voltage for Silicon diode is 0.6 volts while on the other hand in case of  Germanium and Schottky diode the turned-on voltage is about 0.2 - 0.3 V (Belfiori, et al., 2012).

Crystal radio circuit employing input transformer

            The maximum signal transfer in the circuit is ensured by taking another circuit having the same impedance. Some of the crystal receivers are used for additional services and the outcome of these receiver circuits depends upon the coil forming material the use of conditional oil reduces the importance of the antennas.   The lower impedance antenna outcomes match with the higher impedance antenna in the crystal radio receiver (Aminaei, et al., 2018).

Carbonados crystal radio circuit

            In the case of Carbonados detector reliable material is used as compared to ordinary galena or another type of material available in the market. The cat's whiskers wires are generally selected that allows the Steel to move freely under the force is applied to the material. This process develops junction for the vibration as well as for the impurities in the material. The critical point in the development of such type of circuit is the development of holders and different types of crystals used in the circuit. In the circuit forward biasing is used that enables the circuit to operate in the best optimal condition. These conditions can be applied to the battery and voltage level can be adjusted to ensure the higher performance of the circuit (Aminaei, et al., 2018).

According to the given Circuit diagram of the project, there is only one inductance is present and different resistance and capacitance are present. These are involved in improving the amplitude of the radio signal in a proper way.

Evidence of investigating and implementing LW designs using an existing design

            In a spectrometer, there are different ranges of long and Ultralong wavelength regions. The Ultra low well wavelength regions are sufficiently higher than 10 meters and frequency ranges from 30 megahertz. Due to the circuit difference from other ordinary circuits Virtually explode Windows are developed for celestial electromagnetic spectrum (Aminaei, et al., 2018). In the case of science, the extending radio astronomy is getting more attention of the users, market developers and shareholders.  The effectiveness of the earth inner sphere develops  Ultralong wavelength Observation can be carried out by using ground-based facilities (Rumpt, 2013). In case of the ultra long wavelength spectrum, how differences are developed for anthropogenic radio frequency interference. Origi identification of radical solution of the problems Ultralong wavelength astronomy facility is used in space. The key concept of the process is based upon the antenna,   radio astronomical specifications, and spaceborne array facility. The amplifier, as well as triple type Antennas, are used in the solution for the implementation of ultra long wavelength system (Rumpt, 2013). The active antenna shows the optimization of signal transfer by operating at Higher levels along with low noise considerations. The low power dissipation is observed for the receiver system. The optimization of the active antenna shows a difference in the noise level for the celestial emission in the frequency band 1 - 30 MHz.  Triple antennas are considered in the present work for field transformation and to enable the antenna system for a convention of the smallest temperature in the transmission (Belfiori, et al., 2012). The system noise temperature is measured for experimental conditions. The proposed concepts are developed to meet the requirement of space-born long wavelength array facilities in the circuit (Aminaei, et al., 2018)

Evidence of research into FM receiver

            There are different types of methods that can be used to reduce the noise in the stereo reproduction signal system. The process can be characterized by varying channel separation that is also known as frequency serial reproduction signal with the change in frequency at different ranges and Signal Processing for the selective filtration. In the circuit, the frequency response is based upon the selectivity of filter and values identified at the center of frequency (Aminaei, et al., 2018). In case of the center frequency, the continued increase is identified that is known as noise the decrease in the band with for the filter selectivity defines non zero points with a predetermined methodology. The change in bandwidth of the filters used in the present work is based upon the channel separation peak values (Rumpt, 2013)

        The design compatibility for the passive coherent locator radar is different and exploit broadcasting transmission opportunity for higher frequency radio bandwidth. The prime focus of the present work is to develop a setup that uses digital preprocessing systems, the major emphasis is on the circuit antenna section analysis. In the antenna circuit, 8 elements circular array is developed for the signal association and acquisition (Belfiori, et al., 2012). Comprehensive compensation is developed during the mutual coupling effect produced during the channel technique and digital domain. An innovative digital being forming algorithm is used to reduce the level of circular at an array pattern in the noise and signal transfer (Aminaei, et al., 2018). Another strategy is direct path interference suppression for the data processing to develop false alarm rate, algorithm to create graphs for time analysis, and to develop an output of processing chain. Experimental validation is also used for processing architecture and to finally detect the outcome of the results based on the automatic surveillance-broadcast data sets. (Belfiori, et al., 2012)

Discussion of Radio and Navigation System

            In the present Era, the evolution in technology has changed the method to develop circuits and to conduct analysis on the circuit. The circuits are used as equipment to utilize different types of radio waves, for instance, mobile phone radio waves and television radio waves. Radio waves are not invented by human being scientist. But in nature radio waves were existing in the universe. The existence of these radio waves is due to natural processes (Belfiori, et al., 2012). In the present analysis, Natural radio waves are considered that are radiated from the surface of the sun and moves towards the surface of the earth. The electromagnetic waves are also radio waves that arise from the movement of earth crust and produces lighting effects. All the radio waves are naturally existing on the earth, but different devices are invented to generate them (Aminaei, et al., 2018). These radio waves have the number of applications in all source of fields and family items are used such as radio, television, mobile phone, armature radio equipment, and other materials based on electromagnetic radiation. Consider the working principle of mobile phones based on explosives spread of radiations and people are Connected by these radiations in a network. Another popular example of the functioning of radio waves is exchanging of emails (Aminaei, et al., 2018). The television images developed in when countries are sent to other countries of the earth based on these Technologies. The main application of the Technologies is in the improvement of the communication process. Different designs of equipment are used for radio modulus and they are Connected by physical characteristics of radio waves (Electronic design. com, 2012). Considered enough designing for the radio equipment detailed information is provided for the physical properties of radio waves. In the previous research work and development literature, basic information about the functioning of these waves and applications in real life are demonstrated (Aminaei, et al., 2018).

        Recall an example of a scientific instrument that is used in schools. In the instrument, copper wire was used and it was based on the top of the campus and current was supplied by using the battery. By applying the current the needle of compass shook. Now consider the movement of bar magnet moving in the middle of the coil of copper wire when current is supplied the magnet most quickly through the middle of the coil.  In the analytic condition, the magnetic field is generated in the coil by changing the current or electric field (Rumpt, 2013). The electric field generated by changing the current. The mutual induction process started that is a change in electric field generate a magnetic field. If the higher frequency current flows from the antenna, the higher change in an electric field is observed the generates magnetic field in the coil. In case, if the process is repeated and matter flying in face moves perpendicular to the direction of vibration produced by changing electric field and magnetic field in the form of radio waves (Aminaei, et al., 2018). Both the magnetic field and electric field moves in the perpendicular direction to each other. In this way, the electric field, as well as an electric field, have an integral relationship with each other in the radio waves. The quality of radio waves as well as sound waves is comparable. Difference radio waves are transmitted from the material and the absence of are sound waves that can be transmitted from the air. It can be concluded that radio waves can be transmitted through any medium or vacuum (Aminaei, et al., 2018).  Therefore, communication satellites use radio waves for transfer services. Noise interference is also observed during the transmission of information. A slide error occurs in the sound waves and imaging process is due to the noise (Electroschematics, 2018).  Due to a smaller disturbance in the electromagnetic waves and transmission waves, a slight ghost can be observed on the television screen. Mobile phones using state of the art technology to reduce the problem and interprets the distorted sounds (Belfiori, et al., 2012).

Wow factor of Radio and Navigation System

            Designing of the short-range radio system is a complex process and requires the balancing of different characteristics. These are required characteristics includes little Insight, frequency selection, antenna option, cost of the services and material, power supply influences, protocol selection, effect on the range, one way as well as two way system, modulation techniques that makes radio system design more convenient and easy to use (Belfiori, et al., 2012). The common short-range radio frequency systems include different types of conditions for power consumption, Ranges, the direction of the antenna, and cost of services. There are different conditions for the designers to operate the frequency of 868/915 MHz band instead of 430 3.92-megahertz part of the spectrum.  The traditional, as well as predefined bands, are used to operate the targeted range of the system (Electronic design. com, 2012). The unexposed antennas are produced for the consumer product and penetrate in the system. The physical indication for radio signal ranges is proportional to the transmission of power, antenna gain and square of the wavelength. The size of the antenna is inversely proportional to the frequency of the operation and it can be concluded that longer antennas are associated with smaller values of frequencies (Electronic design. com, 2012).

Conclusion on Radio and Navigation System

            In the present work analysis of the radio frequency system and electromagnetic radiation, the spectrum is considered. The output power of the band's changes and transmitter power compensate the system deficiencies and efficiency.  The common conditions for the pushing of limits changes due to balance restriction in the transmitter. The inefficiencies of Antennas match the system. The telecommunication system can be improved by taking serious initiatives for one-way Technology as well as for two-way Technology.

References of Radio and Navigation System

Aminaei, L. C. A. et al., 2018. Antenna Design and Implementation for the Future Space Ultra-Long Wavelength Radio Telescope.

Belfiori, F., Monni, S., Rossum, W. V. & Hoogeboom, P., 2012. Antenna array characterization and signal processing for an FM radio-based passive coherent location radar system. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, pp. 687-696.

Coilgun, 2018. Measuring Inductance. [Online]
Available at: https://www.coilgun.info/theoryinductors/measureinductance.htm

Electronic design. com, 2012. getting started with the short-range radio design. [Online]
Available at: https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/getting-started-short-range-radio-design

Electroschematics, 2018. AM Receiver Circuit. [Online]
Available at: https://www.electroschematics.com/9043/am-receiver-circuit/

Rumpt, H. W. V., 2013. Method for reducing noise included in a stereo signal, the stereo signal processing device and FM receiver using the method. U.S. Patent Application 13/883,341.