Introduction of Nanofabrication

            Nanofabrication is the design of devices having dimensions that is measured in nanometers (10^-9m). The process of nanofabrication refers to the production of functional structures with patterns of small dimensions. The nanofabrication employs state-of-the-art skill and is typically used in production of microcontrollers, high-tech microchips and silicon chips. The nanofabrication is increasing scientist’s interest to work in aerospace, military and medical industries. The nanofabrication contract with atoms properties in material and it is exploring ways to save more time, space and money. The recent advancement of technology has provided different types of nanostructures including quantum dots, quantum wires, nanotubes, self-assembled dots, and nano wires (Chen & Xue, 2017). The continuing challenges are faced by the technology for shrinking the size of the component and the applications of nano sized structures are used in microelectronics, production of single digit micrometer, and manufacturing of integrated circuits (Betancourt & Brannon-Peppas, 2006). The fabrication of the nano size materials and structures has a wide range of applicationsin electronic devices, pharmaceutical industry and digital electronics. The laser-based fabrication of nano material induces impact on the structural, morphological, electrical and mechanical properties of the material (Kajbafvala, Bahmanpour, Maneshian, & Li, 2013).

Making of Nanostructures

        Nanostructures are made-up using conventional or unconventional apparatus—by methods that are innovative and extensively used (Gates, Xu, Love, Wolfe, & Whitesides, 2004). The lithographic process depends on the principle of contact mask through ultraviolet (UV) projection lithography and the immersed system is useful in the manufacturing of integrated circuits. The vapor deposition method includes evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, and sputtering process while on the other hand chemical vapor deposition method includes low pressure CVD, atomic layer deposition, and plasma enhanced CVD. The Nano fabrication technique is a process that is mainly used in the semiconductor industry that contains physical, chemical and biological processes for the compatible devices. The etching process is based on wet chemical etching, silicon etching and plasma etching (Bo, 2011).

        For the generation of nanofabrication the bottom up approach is most effective (A.Sarangan, 2016).  In the bottom up approach, the individual molecules are controlled and positioned to produce the nanofeature. At this level, the atoms synthesis to produce the preferred nano features is the most difficult tasks for theresearchers (Quake & Scherer, 2000).

Environment of Nanofabrication

        The nanomaterials environmental exposure is also increasing day by day that is contributing towards the pollution.  (Liddle & Gallatin, 2016). Still, now there is no single process that is equally capable for the nanoscale structures and features. The environmental factors are specially considered for the processing of nanofabrication. Some of the facilities used in the nanofabrication are mainly in a high vacuumenvironment for reaching premium quality of the product and the process is carried out during manipulation of molecules and atoms. The researchers are working to develop a new process for the nanofabrication. The processes will work to improve the scalability, repeatability, reliability and higher productivity (Gates, Xu, Love, Wolfe, & Whitesides, 2004).

Position and Control strategy of Nanofabrication

        The molecules position in the nanostructures is essential to create the final structure in nanofabrication. The atoms and molecules are arranged precisely at the desired locations with differing levels of accuracy for the development of Nano features (Bhattacharyya, Bijoy, 2015). The scientists are now focusing to develop valuable materials that, eco-friendly, especially in biological ways for the synthesis of nanostructures. The nanofabrication infrastructure can be analyzed, manipulated and imaged during the process of fabrication (Chen & Xue, 2017)

Laser produced nanostructures

        Nanofabrication process is a dominating process and the research is mainly dependent on the fabrication of material demanded. The fabrication of nanomaterial is mainly based on renewable energy, electronic industry, semiconductor, biomedical, and data storage. Precise micro cutting of the thin films is carried out for the tabular materials (Lawrence, Pou, & Toyserkani, 2010). The changes in the structural produce in regions of surface for single crystal Ni goal by irradiation  of femtosecond laser isstudy computationally for fluencies of laser that, in multiples regime of irradiation and create sub-100 nm elevated spatial incidence structures of surface  (Sedao, et al., 2016).

            The single laser beam scans the surface on different angles. The challenges are related to the formation of highly efficient patterns on the surface of the material. The smaller size structures can be achieved by reducing the laser wavelength (Li, Lai, Huang, Tang, Yang, & Chen, 2015). The continuous laser ablation of the material in the liquid environment produces nanomaterials with the process control and high efficiency. The other features of the nanofabrication are based on the sol-get techniques, wet chemical process and the technique of electric discharge. The nanomaterials produced by the laser beam are of different types based on the size, morphology, and phase control systems. The high-sodium concentrate on laser nanosecond vortices can create variable size chiral nanoneedles on slim pictures of plasmatic materials, as films of silver and gold, cover thermally substrates protection  (SYUBAEV, et al., 2017).

        The research conducted by (Quake & Scherer, 2000)measured the size of the nanofabricated material. The nanometer sized structures are efficient in electrical conductivity. The property of conducting electricity through the material is developed for the use of nanostructures in the electrical Nano devices.  The researh conducted by Gates, Xu, Love, Wolfe, & Whitesides, (2004) identified conventional and nonconventional process for the development. The focus of unconventional nanofabrication is on the inexpensive approach. The growth of nanostructures is for multimode such as zero dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional and three dimensional. The proposed structures in the research are one dimensional such as wires, rods, and tubes (Gates, Xu, Love, Wolfe, & Whitesides, 2004).

        The Nanospheres prepared of organic polymer have been producing a range of prototype mask in functional nanostructures fabricating (Yabagi, Kimpa, Muhammad, & Nayan, 2017). The SEM micrographs reveal the formation of carbon nanotubes on the surface of the material. The formation of nanostructures on the surface of material improves the physical and chemical properties and material can be used in wide range of applications in different types of industries (Kajbafvala, Bahmanpour, Maneshian, & Li, 2013).

        In pharmaceutical and medical fields, the nanofabrication technique is used for the mass fabrication and functionality of the biosensors. The principle of nanofabrication is different for etching, bonding, soft lithography, photolithography, and ion beam lithography (Betancourt & Brannon-Peppas, 2006). The layer by layer assembly is considered for the consecutive deposition related to the multiple thin films. The nanomaterials formed by laser beam are of diverse category depending on the morphology, size, and systems of phase control. The process is applicable to the fabrication of nanowire arrays (Sarwar, et al., 2015).

        The simplest synthetic approaches that are useful to produce carbon nanomaterials are a low temperature HTC. These synthetic methods normally generate carbon materials amorphous structure possessing,oxygen-based functional groups high content and uniform chemical composition. (Koh, Meng, Huang, Zou, & Chhowallad, 2016). The experiment was performed to determine the conductivity parameters of the material after formation in the ambient environment of 50% humidity. The formation of oxide on the surface provides support to the increase of electrical conductivity of the nano sized material (Austin, Nguyen, & Ngo, 2006).

Applications of Nanofabrication

        The change in the new devices is due to an increase in controlled size, functionality that is offered by the technique, topology, and morphology. The novel nano devices contribute to the different fields including medicine, biotechnology, molecular level analysis, and biology of cells (Kajbafvala, Bahmanpour, Maneshian, & Li, 2013). The techniques used for the nanofabrication enables the medical community and scientific community to explore more applications of nano materials and miniaturization of previously existing devices to make new devices. The nanostructures in the medical field have applications due to interactions between biological systems at both molecular scale and cellular scale. The use of nanofabricated materials in pharmaceutical and medical fields is focused in different sections as Injectable Nano devices, Stents for the delivery of drugs, and Gene delivery with nano machined devices (Austin, Nguyen, & Ngo, 2006).

Conclusion on Nanofabrication

        At the end, it is concluded from above discussion that nanofabrication is an emerging technique and involves applications in many fields. The key technology used in the nanotechnology is becoming progressive for the nanoscale domain. There are different manufacturing technologies as introduced by researchers and professions for the fabrication of nanomaterials. The conventional and unconventional technology for the fabrication of nanomaterials induces emphasis on the multidisciplinary principles, self-assembly, and lithography. The nanofabrication infrastructure can be study and manipulate during the fabrication process. The continuous material laser ablation in liquid environment creates nano material with the high efficiency and process control.

        The nanostructures growth is for multimode for example zero dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional and three dimensional. The oxide formations on the surface offer support to the augment of nano sized material electrical conductivity. The nanostructures in medical field have applications because of the interactions between biological systems at cellular and molecular scale. The conventional techniques used for the analysis of nanostructures is scanning, scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The carbon tubes are an appropriate example for the nanostructures and have applications in the molecular devices and circuit.

 References of Nanofabrication