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This research article will discuss about the Government system of the Turkey. It will prove Turkey is a hybrid regime. It has proved by proved by showing some type of the behavior which are neither democratic nor a dictatorship. Election, Economy, Tin-Pot, JDP party, repression, loyalty and disloyalty are used as sub topic for this research. This research article is based on qualitative data which is conducted by following the previous study of the different authors. The major part of this research study is based on the Theory and conceptualization of Ronald Wintrobe. The purpose of the study is to prove that the Turkey is Hybrid Regime.
Turkey
Hybrid Regime- Is Turkey Using the Repression and Economy to Stay In Power
Introduction
of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression
and Economy to Stay in Power
At present, the hybrid regimes
that have been described here in a static meaning concerning the political
entities that have been categorized b y a combination of features that are
institutional are normal for a democracy with some other organizations normal
of autocracy, they are some of the most common discussed topics when it comes
to democratization. However, the emphasis of the research is on the hybrid
regimes and to elaborate it in the detail research has used the example of
turkey. In the past Turkey do not have the political authoritarianism in the
country, however, with the increase in the power of globalization. Near the
ending of 90s, the numerous numbers of regime transitions’ allure affected the debating
starting from almost the mid of 70s in such a way that it signed the passing
decrease of 20th century. Third wave of democratization in 1991 was
the label under which Huntington gathered the almost the same events
A strong proliferation was
provoked as soon as such hybrid regimes got the attention of scholars. There are
three main parts that have been followed by the research; the theorizing
concerning the functions, the analysis of power to survive and stabilize. Such
a trio of lines concerning the inquiry is efficiently complementary. Moreover,
they produce a comprehensive and consistent agenda of research
Democracy
of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
If the democracy was based on the
self-enforcement i.e., it could withhold itself strongly with the trek of
people towards their own interests even if they were selfish after being
established, a lot of frequent authoritarianism’s
resurgence would not have taken a place. The only possibility of making
equilibrium self-enforcing is that some powerful democratic norms are harbored
by some specific societies. The hybrid system of Turkey
believes on the interconnected goals
Dictatorship of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the
Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
In the technological and modern
globe, the hybrid competitive organization is more or less like a coin that two
sides. Considering only one side, there are some specifications that are
liberate like the unavailability of tutelary authorities, universal suffrage,
protection of liberties that are civil, a fair standard of competition
regarding the politics, and a free election. Considering the other side, the
specification of authorities concern the damage of civil liberties, unfair
political competition, and an unfair election.
Civil regimes are competitive
authoritarian regime within which the organizations concerning the democratic
are quite open towards power according to Way and Levitsky. Those who have the
liberty of managing the public services and state institutions have the benefit
of vis-à-vis with their opposing members. Towards the competition, the
government is indeed competitive that rely on the democratic organizations that
already exist for the competition of power. The government is favored by the
terms of competition that is why the political competition is not fair.
Using the simple words, it is
true that the competition is original but is not fair. Talking about the
exceptions, Turkey is definitely not one of them. The political scene of modern
Turkey is authoritarian characteristics and liberal rules’ amalgam. Kike many
other regimes that are hybrid, Turkey is also a coin that has two sides where
values that are liberal coexist the methodologies that have nothing similar
with the political systems that concern the modern liberal
Election
of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
Within 2002 to 2007, the number
of voters who registered increased to almost 1.02% according to YSK’s official
numbers. It is again a surprise that within 2007 to 2014, the voters increased
to almost twenty nine percent. In a latter period, Turkey’s population was
raised by ten percent which quite surprising. Just like the figure illustrates,
the population increased for sure. However, the number of voters who registered
experienced a lot of fluctuations
Within the 2004 to 2007, the
decrease in the voters reached almost two million which was justified by the
YSK. Even with the increase in population, a decline was experienced.
Meanwhile, almost a rise of 4.5 million voters was experienced during the 2007
to 2010. The YSK has told about the increase of 10 million within only the four
years. It was pointed to the registration system that was voluntary to the
system that wasted on the address in 2008. Based on this system which was
introduced in the beginn8ing of 2009, every citizen of Turkey was registered.
Tin pot dictator in Turkey of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
It describes the freedom fighter
who have changed with tin pot ruler who is running his country and he ever tried
his to roaring oppression and inflation. The tin pot dictator is also called
autocratic leader or governor. Erdogan have believed on the recent flags of the
Ottoman and present Turkish is the one its types. This way of the governing is
also flown with pride over the homes of Arab in Egypt and Ghaza.
Loyalty
and disloyalty of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to
Stay in Power
According to the Ronald Wintrobe
(2002), there are two main instrument of the dictatorship which is the loyalty
and repression. To staying in power classification of regimes is suggested here
and these four types are based on 4ts which are Tyrants, Timocrats,
Totalitarians and Tinpots. At the point of tinpot regime the loyalty and
repression are counted low. Totalitarians regime shows the high level of both
repression and loyalty. In the Timocrats regime loyalty is high whenever the
repression is low. Tyrant’s regimes show the low loyalty and high repression.
These four types are tended to persisting the literature on the dictatorship
Typology
of hybrid regime of Turkey 2002-2017 of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the
Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
Through focus on the Typology of
hybrid regime of Turkey; it is analyzed that the Turkey’s contemporary
political regime explained about the competitive authoritarianism. Since the
year 2002 to 2017; the political parties of the country focuses on the evolution
of Turkey’s political system. In 2017
referendum; Turkey there is the tutelary democracy in the current state; and
there is focus on the army’s prerogatives in politics. In Turkey; there is the
rise in the new form of authoritarianism so that substantive change can be
there in the global emergence; competitive authoritarian regime of Turkey is
focused as the competitive authoritarianism as there are also oppositions for
political power
Background of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the
Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
Subsequently, in 2002 the
development and the justice of party came in to power which shows Turkey has
experienced dual regime transition. From which one is the democracy and the
other one is dictatorship
In Turkey, political gatherings
must accomplish somewhere around 10% of the vote to pick up portrayal in
parliament. The AKP first came to control in 2002 under the initiative of Recep
Tayyip Erdoğan, winning 34% of the vote what's more, 363 of 550 parliamentary
seats. The Republican People's Party (CHP) won 19% of the vote and 178 seats.
Every one of the gatherings that held seats to preceding the 2002 decision didn’t
speak again to in parliament. According to the news by guardian; it could be
noticed that in Turkey, “Our flag will flutter more freely, the peace of every
citizen will be advanced”. This sensational move was expected to a limited
extent to the budgetary emergency of 2001 and the fall of the focus right
alliance parties. AKP party pioneer Erdoğan was designated Prime Minister of
Turkey in 2003, and has held his situation to this day".
Literature Review of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the
Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
Hybrid Regimes of Turkey
Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
In accordance to the research
conducted by the Mazepusa, Veenendaal, McCarthy-Jones, and Vásquez, in 2016
elaborate that there is no authority or the political region over the globe
that wants to be presented as the illegitimate even the tyrannic rulers are not
desiring this. The hybrid is the broad term in the politics the concerns with
the diverse political regimes. In the hybrid regime, there are some elements
from the democratic and some elements from the autocratic (Mazepusa,
Veenendaal, mccarthy-Jones, & Vásquez, 2016). In other words, it can be
identified as a combination of both types of politics. Discrepancies appear in
the politics and particularly in the hybrid regime when the system adopts the
dynamic strategy.
Level of
competition of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to
Stay in Power
According to the study of Ronald
Wintrobe (2018) there is significant competitive future of authoritarian that
Turkey seems to have. In between the opposition and the government, the country
seems to take joy in the reasonable fair level of competition that concerned
the politics. Some of the good examples of this debate were the 2014 elections
for president and the parliament elections of 2011.
Park (2015) stated as AKP had won
with almost 49.8 share regarding the votes in the parliament elections of
2011(2007: 46,5%). CHP second had won which the Republican People’s Party with
25,9 percent (2007: 20,8%). Meanwhile, the third MHP or the National Action
Party got 13 percent (2007: 14,3%). BDP was supported by the 36 MPs that were
independent in the 550-seat parliament that was new
Election
of 2007 – 2018 of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to
Stay in Power
The studies of the Andrea Cassani,
(2015) considering the turnout, it was almost eighty seven percent and was
higher than the rate which observed in the election of 2007. 78 are females out
of all the MPs almost fourteen point two compared with the nine point two of
election held in 2007. Since the year 2002 to 2017; the political parties of
the country manage the evolution of Turkey’s political system. Seventy eight
females belong to MPs, forty five belong to AKP members, nineteen females are
the members of CHP, eleven females are the member of BDP, and three are the
members of MHP. After three years, RecepTayyipErdogan who was also the leader
of AKP and Prime Minister became the first Republic Preside who was elected in
2014.
Since he got only fifty one,
seventy nine of the whole number of voters, a run-off was not required. He won
51,79% of the votes, so no run-off was needed Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu who was the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation’s former Former General Secretary, he ran being
the joint individual of almost 13 opposing parties involving the MHP and CHP
got only thirty eight, forty four percent of the whole amount of votes
Hybrid
equilibrium in Turkey Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in
Power
Ruling leaders in hybrid regimes
endure by finding equilibrium between the strategies of centralization,
legitimation and repression. In 2007 the state structure of Turkey was
controlled by the government of AKP by founding the equilibrium in hybrid
competitive dictatorial regime. The political and economic crisis of Turkey and
the attack of 9/11 the politicians were trying to building the political
alliance. Politician has background with islamist and liberal they have joined
the forces for finding the development and justice party AKP in 2001. For
ruling best in the hybrid regimes to maintain the equilibrium between the
democracy and dictatorship is necessary. (HDP) Peoples’ Democratic Party’s
co-leader, Selahattin Demirtaş was pushed by almost 80 left-wing parties, he
settled on the third position with 9, 76 percent of the all amount of votes. In
between the two last elections tell that the elections were quite reasonable
and fair between the opposing parties and government in the modern Turkey
Till now, authoritarianism’s
emergence has been discussed which can be dictatorial and hybrid regime,
however, the question concerning the equilibrium has yet to be discussed by us.
How it is that hybrid equilibrium can be produced from the democratic behavior?
Well, this information can be gained from the Figure B that is reproducing the
Figure A. Now, a more precise and general term can be substituted for Authoritarianism
and Repression
They study of the Çalışkan, K (2017)
describes the repression of the government for the peaceful demonstration it
draw criticism toward the world. It is analyzed, that in the last summer the
government of Turkey in the civil society focus to apply the concepts related
to turkey regime.
For this article, there is the
focus on the secondary research data analysis; as most of the studies are
focused, in order to effectively analyze the hybrid regime of Turkey. Old data based
on the hybrid regime of Turkey is focused by the researchers is utilized in
this research. For this purpose this research study has used the qualitative
method using data collection which based on the secondary data.
The choices of hybrid regimes are
available for the different countries which are seeking to promote the freedom
for dealing the hybrid regimes which is most similar to those countries which
are lying in dictatorship. The goal of proving the hybrid regime is to reducing
repression.
Turkey demanded the totalitarian democracy, which means that Turkey needed the transformation
of a state. However, for the popular support is needed because of the empty
democracy or hybrid regime as this will result in reducing repression. It is use to
foreseeing the repressive and durable hybrid regimes. This can be reducing by
implementing the Democrats behavior.
For analyzing the results, various theories as the theory of Ronald Wintrobe, 2018 just assume that there will be used to reducing the economic regimes and its performance. For analyzing this type policy figure is adopted. In this article it shows that approval for favoring the strategy is just like as case of the dictatorial government. The most important challenge for using this type of policy is just like to promoting the nationalism.
Discussion of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in
Power
By comparing the all studies of
the different authors such as Ronald Wintrobe, (2018) Ergun Özbudun, (2017) and Murat Somor, (2015)
according to their complete effects and policies for the dictatorship which is
opposite to the hybrid regimes in which one major factor is appreciated.
Dissimilar to the authoritarian the mixture of the both is just capable for the
initial level of the repression and it is obtains the power of low levels. The
approval of the policy is just like to undermining the regime.
If this policy will follow the
results of the democracy then it will deny the powers of dictatorship. These
all theories have predicted the outcome of the conclusive pragmatic answers
which are available at moment. But few studies are pointing to encouraging the
result for damaged hybrids which are tending towards the democracy not only
dictatorship.
Conclusion on Turkey Hybrid
Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in Power
It can be concluded that the
Turkey have hybrid regime because it’s not totally based on the democracy as
well it not based dictatorship. Infrastructure of Turkey follows the both
regime. The only possibility of making equilibrium self-enforcing is that some
powerful democratic norms are harbored by some specific societies.
It is also concluded that if there is democracy in the country then people can be on right track, however, there are rivals of Turkey and thus turkey need to strengthen itself. The self-enforcement can be concerned as there should be proper laws in order to support the people interests. It has been concluded for this study till now, authoritarianism’s emergence has been discussed which can be dictatorial and hybrid regime, however, the question concerning the equilibrium has yet to be discussed by us. All the analysis and theories have proved Turkey has hybrid regime. It has shown by conducting the discussing the several studies about the democracy and dictatorship it is neither democracy nor a dictatorship but it is the composition of both elements.
References of Turkey Hybrid Regime Using the Repression and Economy to Stay in
Power
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