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The power transfer distribution factors (PTDF) are designated as well as have the following definition.
Where
l stands for line index
i stands from where the
power is injected
j stands from where
power is taken out
On line l change in megawatt power flow when
power is transfer from i to j
From bus i to j power transferred
The power
transfer distribution factors from one bus to another on a line with a shift in
power these factors are linear estimates of the change in flow.
Line
outage Distribution factors:
The line outage distribution factors (LODF) in a similar manner are used, for the testing of overloads this can only be applied when transmission circuits are lost. By definition, the LODF (line outage distribution factors) has the following meaning;
As
from the outage load factors Matrix of lines 1-3 we have to satisfied the
distributed on the other lines as below;
For
1-3,
1
to 2 1 to 3 3 to 2
3.000 1.000 -1.000
Here from the above it is observed that line 1 to 3 is balanced by the line 2 to 3 so the load is overloaded at 1 to 2.
(a Suppose that both known. As the sum of the true value model each model reading as well as a random error:
Where the errors will be represented as independent zero mean, normally distributed random variables with PDFs:
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