Analysis of the Population-Based Intervention Type 2 diabetes in Australia

According to Australia’s Health Tracker, Australia’s Young People and Children are facing issues related to chronic diseases. Through the comprehensive assessment of the GPs report, it is analyzed that Australian people are more close to chronic diseases example, hypertension, diabetes as well as the depression. Moreover, it is also known that there are Indigenous people who are facing chronic diseases like Type 2 diabetes and reported to have it more than 3 times as compared with the other Australians (Liaw, Phyllis Lau and Furler). There are various chronic diseases and risk factors in Australia's children and young people and regarding the national data sources, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was the major concerns because it is the lifelong disease and people who faced in can be living in poverty or may have low socio-economic status. In the Type 2 diabetes, people kidneys may be affected and with the use of insulin, there is the production of the hormone called insulin in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes may also specify or known as the issues related to insulin resistance (Busse and Blümel)

Type 2 diabetes may be faced by people as there may be issues related to the health or there may be a reason in genes. However, putting on extra weight or reasons for the metabolic syndrome or broken beta cells is also the reason in type 2 diabetes in children and young people. In the country, the decisions are taken in order to focus on the Type 2 diabetes so that people can stay safe, the practical recommendations and policy changes are being a concern for the effectiveness. Moreover, there are more steps as medical intervention like safe and cost‐effective therapy is also taking place. Thus, there are recommended treatment targets at the governmental or political level. It is the social problem as a whole so medical therapies need to be taken, in order to save, help and standardized surgical procedures. There are various practical recommendations for this Type 2 diabetes, however, the failure is there because the steps or interventions are not planning effectively (Lazzarini).

Potential reasons for failure of Analysis of the Population-Based Intervention

As analyzed by the research conducted by Hordern, et al. (2012) in Australia that there are various patients who are facing the issues because their lifestyle if not good. However, for the effectiveness or in order to treat the type 2 diabetes in children and in the people, there are concerns regarding the exercise training or there is focus on the established prevention strategy. Consequently, the steps are taken to improve the treatment as well as management therapy so that people can be saved from multiple chronic diseases. There is exercise physiologist in the country, who can take the better steps that are considered as the essential component in any treatment plan. It is concerned that the people who are facing the issues may not have a better demographic, lifestyle. However, to be treated effectively, the lifestyles need to be changed (Hordern, Dunstan and Prins).

This program for the Type 2 diabetes is concerned in the research as the pre-diabetic conditions so that patients can be treated with the impaired fasting glucose because they were facing these issues also include the impaired glucose tolerance. Type 2 diabetes increasing in prevalence in people of Australia therefore, the steps are taken in order to change the lifestyle strategies of the people. There are beneficial effects that were seen in some group of people because they were given the exercise training. These training, as well as the regular exercise, make the people healthier or it improves cardiovascular risk. Most of the patients still faced it due to the body composition because there was no treatment and they were far behind then the cardiorespiratory fitness (Hordern, Dunstan and Prins).

The results as concerned in the studies considered the better health outcomes of that patients; who were facing T2DM and did the exercises, moreover, their health improved because they followed the moderate-intensity exercise that was based on the minimum of 210 min per week. It is the intensity exercise; which gave the patients a healthier life as based on the training sessions per week. The people or patients who did the training programs well get the appropriate qualifications and other people still faced the issues of type 2 diabetes. However, it can be known from the analysis or the research that people if follow the healthier lifestyles, then they can stay healthier (Liaw, Phyllis Lau and Furler)

In Australia, people are still in majority who are facing the issues related to the type 2 diabetes because the intervention programs are not that much effective. The interventions programs are not effectively concerned or implemented because not followed seriously. The prevalence of these chronic diseases is higher.

Karin, et al., (2011) focus on the history of HF at the patient baseline; however, as described that people may have the issues related to the cardiovascular disease, which could further take the type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is concerned in the research that not all policies are effectively considered in order to treat the very basic disease of the HF that could be there in the family history of the patient as well. Moreover, it is concerned that there is the need to elevated risk related to cardiovascular disease; because challenges are there for people in Australia regarding public health (Karin).

Lazzarini, et al., (2012) considered that the majority of the people are facing diabetes complications, thus there should be national best-practice recommendations in order to treat the people from the issues. Moreover, foot complications are also there in Australia that is not being effectively addressed. Thus there is the need to take the step or need to equally invest in issues concerned to diabetes-related foot disease in Australia because the risks are increasing and people can face major health issues due to this in future (Lazzarini).

Theoretical approach underpinning the program of type 2 diabetes

A methodical report which established by Diabetes Australia in the year of 2004 suggested that there is a rapid body of literature associating to the educational theory, but still, there is no broad agreement made on how the learning will be held. The review of educational theory concludes that, at the time where there is no any single theory could really useful for the people in different conditions, then there is a broad agreement that the learners should become active and cooperative participants within the process of learning. Plus, there should be numbers of various learning experiences to get the optimal result (Tapp, Shaw and Zimmet).

            In addition to this, the report from Diabetes Australia also stated that the researchers along with the educational philosophers who suggest that the components every theory are fundamental in the improvement and distribution of giving the proper information to educate the people with diabetes in Australia. The behaviorist theory delivers the instruments and numbers of techniques which really useful to give the teaching talents focused on important tasks such as how to inject the insulin to our body. The cognitive theory describes the requirement to consider the preceding beliefs along with the experiences of a person who suffers from diabetes.

            The previous research around the effect of diabetes education has been argued commencing the focus on measuring knowledge improvements. Nevertheless, even though the knowledge cannot be considered as an effect of changing behavior, but still, it is quite essential to achieve the changes. The primary objectives of educating the diabetes patients have been presented as encouraging the self-management that would able to lead the long-term control of diabetes, and also would able to reduce related mortality and illness. In addition to this, it would also support patients with diabetes to balance both short and long-term life quality (Begg, Vos and Barker).

Healthcare system challenge for the intervention of type 2 diabetes

The government of Australia has been giving its intervention in reducing type 2 diabetes in the country. However, there some healthcare system challenges that the government needs to tackle, in order to eliminate, or at least, reduce the appearance of type 2 diabetes in the country. Some of the healthcare challenges that the government of Australia needs to face are such as mentioned below (health.gov.au).

·         A challenge in training a country’s health experts to be certified and verified in preventing the appearance of type 2 diabetes

·         A challenge to build up a countrywide system of both private and public organizations which will able to provide the prevention services of type 2 diabetes

·         A challenge to implement and combined an excellent social marketing agenda which able to deliver strong perceptions to the people about the serious health risks and impacts of type 2 diabetes to both individual, as well as the society

·         A challenge to make the people stop discriminating the patients of type 2 diabetes and also end the occurrence of public stigma surrounding type 2 diabetes

·         A challenge to make sure that the patients with type 2 diabetes in the pastoral and distant district will have the same access to the expert care teams whenever they need them

Implications of type 2 diabetes program in the country

The Council of Australian Governments or COAG in the year of 2007 decided to create a countrywide tactic regarding the prevention of type 2 diabetes or T2DM within individuals who considered to be in high-risk. For this reason, the government of Australia has even subsidized  as of 2007 until 2011 with numbers of implication programs as mentioned such as (Dunbar):

·         Emerging the Australian T2DM Diabetes Risk Assessment tool (AusDRISK)

·         Inaugurating the national standards designed for sign-based, some essential changes of behavior in the standard of living (the government’s programs of lifestyle modification)

·         Providing an innovative medicare tool used for T2DM risk valuation for the patients at the ages of  40 to 49

·         Subsidy thorough interventions in the changes in lifestyle behaviour interventions (the government’s programs of lifestyle modification) for the patients at the ages of  40 to 49

via an agreement with the highest figure meant for General Practice (Family Medicine).

Some of those programs were claimed to be successful. On the other hand, there were main application issues with the program of 40 to 49 age group, which the approval was quite below the anticipations.

Another recent program conducted by the government of Australia was The vision of the Australian National Diabetes Strategy 2016–2020 (the Strategy). The program made to reinforce the entire aspects in emerging, realizing as well as assessing a combined and synchronized method meant for sinking the human, social and economic effect of diabetes in the country. The Strategy was launched on 13 November 2015 by the Australian Government Minister for Health. The main aims of this Strategy are mentioned as (Kaldor, Magnusson and Colagiuri):

·         Outlining Australia’s countrywide response to diabetes

·         Update how the current restricted health care assets could be synchronized further

·         Targeting the entire levels of government

The epidemiological transition of type 2 diabetes in the country

Cause-particular configurations of mortality along with morbidity modify throughout the time within a given population. These transitions might not be constant through some groups or even could appear as unidirectional. On the other hand, a number of comprehensive trends in mortality and morbidity transitions, along with their fundamental aspects, have been detected within varied populations in the course of diverse time periods, which leads to the theoretical expansion ideas to define and clarify these transitions, plus, it even ables us to forecast them as well. In the Westernised populations with a long past of industrialisation, Type 2 diabetes is considered as a disease which typically touching the people at middle-aged to the elders. However, in certain post-colonial populations, where the rates of diabetes are completely high, there are substantial numbers of younger people are also getting affected. A standard to the most affected people is current and fast transition commencing the  lifestyles to a further  lifestyle (Nanditha, Ma and Ramachandran).

Socio-economic background on type 2 diabetes in the country

            Type II diabetes is the main challenge of public health which expected to undertake even bigger consequence in the future, assumed the continuing demographic revolution in Australia and other countries across the world. Research presented that individuals at the age of 35 years or above with no previous type II diabetes condition are in the first wave below deliberation and re-tested the socioeconomic along with the risk aspects related with emerging the appearance of type 2 diabetes in the country (Ding, Chong and Jalaludin).

The cultural background of type 2 diabetes in the country

Australia is a country with a huge cultural and social variety besides, even though diabetes is progressively to be a normal disease to be found in the country, but it is mainly challenging within numbers of societies. In the overall population, it is quite problematic to calculate the specific number of Aboriginal as well as Torres Strait Islander populations with diabetes, also occurrence estimations are significantly different. An evaluation of the diabetes occurrence among Aboriginal as well as the Torres Strait Islander populations mentioned that among the 24 types of research performed, the range of occurrence appeared from 3.55 up to 33.1%. The Australian Health Survey also mentioned that one out of five Aboriginal as well as Torres Strait Islander population at the age of more than 25 years occurred to have diabetes (Ding, Chong and Jalaludin).

Environmental background of type 2 diabetes in the country

Some people who belong to some Culturally And Linguistically Diverse or CALD backgrounds are considered to be at the bigger risk of emerging type 2 diabetes (they may be replicating a tendency to diabetes in their genetic environmental backgrounds). People who come from these backgrounds and suffer from diabetes could also experience numbers of cultural and linguistic barricades that edge their access to diabetes-linked education and services as well (Ding, Chong and Jalaludin).

Political action for type 2 diabetes in Australia

In the year of 2013, Australia along with other country members of  dedicated to global range objectives aimed at dropping the problem of Noncommunicable diseases or NCDs, comprising a termination of diabetes to be increased. Attaining these motivated goals would necessitate a standard modification from individual concern to the national concern. In addition to this, it also needs a bigger responsibility from governments along with the industry. Even though individuals could make some steps to develop their diets, accomplishing healthier diets within the population stage necessitates the measurement of cost-effective public policy. Up till now, the government of Australian has put its action to prevent diabetes which focusing mainly on motivating the people throughout information and educate them as well, to modify their lifestyles (Alwan, Galea and Stuckler).

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