HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT

        Fredrick Taylor, in 1911, seemed to introduce the term of management in companies while publishing The Principles of Scientific Management. Taylor explained the scientific foundation of improvement in organizations, work, and management. His purpose was concerned with the promotion of prosperity and resolving all the social issues present (Taylor, 1967).

        Actually, management is capable of being divided into social management and industrial management. The objective of industrial management was concerned with utilizing material resources, capital, and human in the most effective manner, and it was based on different hierarchies. Machines are also handled by industrial management for production due to which, profits were increased and costs were lowered (Weatherly, 2009). This management type of exemplified by Henry Ford when the assembly line was introduced by him in his factory of cars (1913). Mary Parker and Henri Fayol also followed the same method. The categorization of human beings was avoided by these managers on the same standard as capital and material. Management, at the time, was recognized to have the greatest influence on the organization by controlling, organizing, planning, coordination, commanding, and forecasting. It was stated by Mary Parker that management is actually an art of making people complete things (Barrett, 2003; Golden Pryor &Taneja, 2006).

        When industrial style began to enter the social atmosphere, more attention was paid to humans (Mayo &Proske, 1949). Researches at the Hawthorne factory, in the 1930s, indicated that performance of work seems to rely on industrial restrictions or objective restrictions and on social and human limitations, and this was the ‘Hawthorne effect' accordingly (Mayo &Proske, 1949). Moreover, society advanced to an era revolving around service from the era of industries. The competition began to increase with the quickly expanding markets, product developments, and internationalization. As social management developed, human beings were not seen as resources like machines and they were determined to be pivotal for a company. Moving on, fair treatments were valued and considerations were given to the social and private life of a worker. Daily life was seemingly characterized by reciprocal influence, cooperative acting, and planning (Weatherly, 2009).

        These are the branches in which management was divided: IT management, financial management, sales/marketing management, strategic management, operations management, and management of the human resource. These branches combined motivation, controlling, staffing, organizing, and planning of their workers. This approach to management, at this moment, is still being utilized in companies.