COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT STANDARDS

        For handling difficult, complicated projects, management is the key as already mentioned. Globally, there are different types of management related project as well as standards. Everywhere, in the same way, the skills of Project management are not used (Stackpole et al., 2008). In these research agile management of the project, for example, scrum will not be discussed, the traditional role of project manager for the reason that those methods do not include. Moreover, for those methods, no standardized certification program exists. As representing a PM standard they cannot be viewed; rather for traditional PM, they signify a corresponding method (Lehmann, Mikulaschek, &Oestereich, 2013).

For using PM here are the worldwide standards that explain here:

Institute of Project Management (PMI)

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

Project IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2)

For Enterprise Innovation Project and Programme Management (P2M)

International Competence Baseline (ICB3.0)

For Project Management Australian Institute of Project Management/ National Competency Standard (AIPM/ NCSPM)

South African Qualification Authority/ Project management Standards Generating Body (SAQA/ PMSGB)

        For leveling the maturity, the model like CMMI is included. From the maturity model CMMI to project management standards, as a close link is given but from CMMI, many processes cannot be associated with PM standards.

Figure 2: On PM standards Table of comparison

            In figure 2 the main objective of each standard is shown. Related to an ISO norm, international accepted certification programs are listed in the PM standards. For more than 40 years, the oldest standards have been in existence. In different languages, their published handbooks are offered as well as in many countries are practiced worldwide. The standard that is used based only on older PM standards and the newer are distributed less; as well as further development which they frequently require.

            By thorough analysis and a comparison of how comprehensive the content was, the processes of the standards were examined. Here we explained the following processes along with process steps and specific PM standard characteristics:

PMI

One thing that is not mentioned is the possibility to track requirements, and data management is not covered

In the beginning, only Business Case was recognized

At the beginning of the project criteria of Tailoring, guidelines are mentioned only once

On the existing structure, PMI states that a project is always established and a new manner is not defined

CMMI

        Basically, it is not a real PM standard, but it works like a maturity model, therefore, it never includes the cover for the creation of project charter. The beginning of the project is different at these levels.

The complete description is provided for the closing phase.

The focus of CMMI is on the products and integrated features in the company. Clear and convincing interfaces are prepared and exist in this model.

The specific process is carried out in CMMI.

The featured process and the operational process are carried out in this process to cover all the baseline standards.

Prince2

The planning is based on product features and the central point is the main product.

The higher focus of the business cases is mainly towards regular operations basis. The production process is associated with different phases and the latest processes.

The expectations of stakeholders are not considered or mentioned because the focus of the product is relatively higher.

There is no concern with the procurement, process improvement, and data management system.

The management has a strong interaction as well as involvement in the ad-hoc instructions. Each phase is especially considered in this process.

P2M

Procurement is not associated with the proper function and the part of PM

The management of data is not mentioned.

There is no consideration of human resource development.

ICB3.0

There is no consideration of the process required for the technical solution of the product.

The strong focus is on behavioral competence as well as contextual competence. The contextual competence includes integrated features of legal, environmental, management, health, and organization.

NCSPM

The parallels can be observed with PMI and its origins.

There is no specific consideration for the process and technical solution of the products.

 PMSGB

The standards include the core, fundamental, and elective components.

Defines specific problems of Africa for the handling of HIV infected people.

The origins of PMI can be demonstrated and observed.

            In conclusion, all these processes are generally not different from the standards. All the initially mentioned phases including planning, executive, initiating, monitoring and controlling, and closing is handled according to the standards. The oldest standard (PMI, ICB3.0) is the initial step with a single phase of operation. While on the other hand, the new standard PMI, ICB3.0 PMI, and ICB3.0 contains fewer details and refers to more standards with different phases. In another standard (CMMI and Prince2), the product-based planning is included that contains product-specific validation as well as process steps. In order to achieve the most appropriate standard in the present research, the specific criteria mentioned in Figure 2 was used. This standard contains information about all the processes associated with the company's certification process at internationally accepted level, worldwide membership, availability of different languages according to the requirement, practicing countries, and compliance with specific official norms and traditions. The most relevant standard according to the requirement was PMI standard and it was associated with a wide range of successful companies. A close relationship is produced for practical applications and certification to the world.  The PM certification is approved by Saudi Arabia and it is recognized through the whole world. The statistical analysis shows that over 200 countries the certified members are approximately 520,000. The standards are provided in greater than 10 languages specifically those provided in Arabic (Lehmann et al., 2013). The local and international approaches are considered in the standard. The content of the PMI standard is similar to the 40 years old content.   A wide range of aspects are covered in this standard and the most practical experience is provided by history analysis. Basic PMI standards are highly suitable for management processes in complicated projects.

COMPLICATION

        In this part, the complication of the term is mentioned, and it is related to the basic theories. The other considerations are the origin of complication with enabler as well as root causes of the issues. The management of complication can be controlled by reducing and eliminating different aspects. At the end of the process, the resulting cost and degree application are measured.