DEFINITION of The root of complication

            The root of complication is from the Latin word complexus that means twisted together or entwined. The complication system with two or more component or variable is interpreted by Ireland in 2007. The complication can be detected by different methods and it depends upon the observer's standpoint, therefore, the estimated level of complication is different for all the observer at the simple point (Flückinger&Rauterberg, 1995). Due to different perspectives, a commonly agreed definition of complication is not existing. Edmonds (1998) stated the definition of complication as " features and properties of the language expressions that make it difficult to analyze the overall behavior of complication even on provided complete information about the interrelations and the atomic level of components" (Edmonds, 1998, p. 6).  In the present definition, language can be described with different features such as atomic definitions, diagrams, and irreducible signs with formal logic (Edmonds, 1998).  The definition provided by Edmonds was altered and modified by Alisch, Winter, And Arentzen (2004). The comprehensible definition of complications include the characteristics of a system and overall behavior cannot be explained easily. All the basic information about a single component and its behavior is not present always (Alisch, Winter, &Arentzen, 2004). The general theory of complication explains different explicit functions and certain polymorphic definitions are provided in the literature while according to the definitions, the characterized features are different for complication. Features of complication include increasing application with non-transparency, continuous momentum, and motion, a large number of elements, irreversible and considerable restrictions on different elements, adaptivity, and spontaneity of hierarchy (Ehrlenspiel, 2009; Feess, 2013; Pruckner, 2005; Schwarz, 2011; Valle, 2000).

THEORY

Different phenomena of complication are described and explained by these theories.

System Theory

        The system theory deals with different principles as well as disciplines and all of them are indistinguishable from each other. But a divergence existed between several disciplines and system theory target can be described on this basis Bertalanffy (1968). The features of system theory are mentioned below,

It is supported by several types of integration at certain disciplines.

The science beyond physics is explained according to the accepted theory.

The system theory explains the development of the system on critical perspectives and integrative science review.

It provides an explanatory model for abstraction and simplification processes.

The support is provided for scientific generalists and teaching processes.

        Several scientist and authors worked for the demonstration of system theory that was originated from the scientific discipline. The process becomes a significant part of model science in different branches of chemistry, psychology, biology, economics, and engineering. All these mentioned fields are influenced by system theory. There are two specific and significant paradigms that are discussed in the theory (Pulm, 2004). The first consideration is about cybernetic moves that are monitored and controlled through the self-control in the circle system. This process is controlled by appropriate methods and gets the influence of the system by applying a potential controlling system according to the standard theory. The second consideration is about cybernetic order changes with the system self-referential and reflexive system. The self-sustained and self-developed environment is extremely valuable in this process. The process cannot be controlled externally, and reserves cannot be predicted on the basis of previous results. At the same time, the possibility of intervention is higher for this process. 

        The development of system theory is a continuous process and different types of theories have been developed from the basic theory. It is difficult to define similarities between the original system theory and implication theory. However, the management for the practice implication of the target is different in both scenarios (Vemuri, 1978). In case of system theory, the complicated systems are often developed and can be described on the basis of characterizing features. By adding more elements and features the complication of the system can be accelerated. It can be used to increase the relationship between all the elements and system theory composes of different complicated systems.

Complication Theory

        The complication theory describes different features, but it is not available for the back coupling relationship as well as linear relations of the system. The system illustrates different types of asymmetric structures that are partly controllable and partly non-controllable. Furthermore, the elements of this system are irreducible, therefore, the system action cannot be predicted on the basis of the process (Johns, 2008). It is necessary to control the complicated system by a decentralized method. The manipulation of variables and other breakdown systems could lead to failure (Johns, 2008).  Different characteristics of completed systems can be defined by basic definitions provided by Johns (2008).  These characteristics of completed systems are mentioned below,

A large number of variables and elements are interrelated with each other.

 The external and internal back coupling is non-linear.

It is impossible to change the lapse of time.

It is possible to change different statuses at certain levels of time.

It relies on past features, but these features are not analytically definable.

The features are measurable and definable with a large range of variety

            The complication theory leads to a well-defined system that requires resources at a minimum amount and it can be managed easily. In case if the available resources are minimum than difficulties cannot be solved easily. The advance system predicts success and practical influence of application is considered in this feature (Wegener, 2003). The complication theory stands between chaos theory and order consideration. In 2003, Wegener argued about the appearance of complication and phase transition between chaos and order. The system can be controlled for proper completion.

Chaos Theory

            There are two features of complication theory that includes order consideration and chaos. Chaos theory is basically a subcategory that is associated with the system theory. It includes some types of internal instabilities and results in loss of organizational features. However, it can be used for the reorganization process along with different features of the module of the organization (Valle, 2000). Chaos can be defined with different definitions but there is no general agreement of the scientific community about the characteristics of a chaotic system. Different academic fields are associated with chaos theory and these academic fields include mathematics, physical sciences, and life sciences. Valle demonstrated chaos theory as a qualitative study for a deterministic nonlinear dynamic system with unstable behavior. In this consideration, the complete system is considered with simple causes and nonlinearity results are obtained for different inputs and outputs with no specific proportional. The system is additive and non-conforming deterministic controls of the chaotic system define situated behavior at random conditions with instability in the process. That characteristics of the system become unpredictable and the output of the system is basically dependent upon input. The system is unpredictable and it is not possible to calculate the future behavior of the system even knowing about the parameters. The definitions and predictions are possible with limited time features (Cooke-Davies et al., 2007). Chaos theory can be explained on the basis of butterfly effect that was first introduced by Edward Lawrence during 1979 and the paper was published in the American Association for the advancement of science. In the paper, he described the significant effect of minute changes on the lower nonlinear system and it becomes unpredictable (Cooke-Davies et al., 2007). The "Lorenz attractor" can be defined as a graphic illustration with the concept of butterfly images that have similar visual perspective. The image reviews about the structures and hidden features of disordered data streaming process. The 3d space required specific variables intelligent system that is represented by continuously changing variable and motion of the system (Cooke-Davies et al., 2007). According to the features, the trajectory system cannot be repeated and it can never interact with each other. Does the flap of a butterfly have a significant influence on the weather? However, it is not possible to predict the weather in the long-term analysis. The only possibility is to explain the behavior and to understand the features of this behavior (Cooke-Davies et al., 2007).

Summary of Theories

        All the above-mentioned theories are interlinked with each other. The complication theory and chaos theory is derived from specific system theory. The framework for all the three theory is summarised as "cynefin" (Snowden, 2005). Both the system theory and order theories are different approaches with complicated and simple features. The first step is the observation of observer in different situations and then analysis of this observation according to responding characteristics. The complication theory can be used to resolve the problem, and different situations can be investigated, tested, analyzed and responded according to the conditions. Chaos theory can be used to describe situations that are not manageable and unstable with specific product features. The general factor is first analyzed and then responded according to the situation.