Background of the study on Wastewater Projects in Oman

            The source of the freshwater is considered as the major component for the services of the ecosystem due to which all economic and social process and life can be sustain. The health of the ecological system can threaten by their disruption. Their disruption can be threaten the general human wellbeing and the people livelihoods. Although, the resources of the water are going to be degraded with the passage of time in the Sultanate of the Oman. It occurs due to the multiple interacting pressure specifically climate and environmental changes.  The fifth and forth report of the Intergovernmental Panel related to the climate change considered as the important for the understanding of the same impacts of the climate change on natural system an human society.  The water is referred as the key component for the storm of the climate management. From anthropogenic climate change the various possible extortions are resulted. It includes shifting of climate zones, floods, extreme weather events, sea level rise, droughts and increase in temperature.

            Over the last two decades the temperature of the earth surface has been increased by 0.5°C. It has been rises along with same amplitude that is expected till 2025. The global hydrological cycle is effecting by it directly. The demand and availability of the water is also effecting by it. The availability of the water is impacting negatively by it as well as it have negative impacts on the freshwater ecosystems health.  It have negative significances with the ecological and social system along with its processes. Such as the global mean temperature is rise approximately by 2 °C.  To irrigation water shortage o irrigation water shortage around 59% of the total world will be exposed (Al-Kalbani, 2014). Furthermore, the impacts of the climate change and the several other indicators of the environmental changes as economic development, urbanization, demographic trends and the other changes of the land use that are increasing demand and exerting pressure for the resources of the water. In the last evolutionary past the water resources are stressing by all of these drivers away from the changes that are caused by the natural climatic global changes. In the result of the fast growth of the economic development and population, water resources mismanagement. The pressure is exerted by these drivers on the water resources and it is both are changing by it as temporally and   spatially. It because of the imbalances among the demand and supply in the system of the hydrological. The vulnerability of the systems of the water resources can be increase due to the net effects. Such type of the infrastructure are particularly weak fort such changes due to their adapted limited capacity that is require to creating the major challenges for managing the future water resources for the needs of the ecosystem and human.

        In order to enhance capacity of management it is required to measure the vulnerability of water resources and the scales are adopted to managing all of these changes for management and sustainability of the water resources. Vulnerability is referred as the term that is commonly sued for describing the flaw or weakness in the infrastructure. It also explained the weakness for the particular threats and harmful events. It requires a lot of efforts for using the concepts across the various fields that various specific sectors at often location. The concepts of the vulnerability is defined as the function that is required for the sensitivity and exposure of the system for the hazard of the climate and it is also referred as the ability to adapting the effects of the hazards(Al-Kalbani, 2014).

        The municipal sewage are receiving primarily for the wastewater treatment plants. The adequate eagerly usable carbon source are offered by the influent water rarely for BNR (biological nutrient removal). It has been shown by the several studies that the denitrification and removal of the biological phosphorus is depending upon the sufficient supply of eagerly biodegradable chemical such as the in the feed of the wastewater the oxygen is demanded.

        Moreover, during wintertime VFA (volatile fatty acids) availability is considered as the primary limiting factors that can enhance the removal of the biological phosphorus. Those area at where seasonal temperature becomes significant in that area the lack of carbon is occur in the wintertime. The quality of the waste water is influencing by the various kinds of the transformation that is usually takes place in the network of the sewer.  Biological oxidation and hydrolysis will favor by the Aerobic conditions for biodegradable organic material meanwhile for the production of the VFA the sewer network‘s anaerobic parts of would be complimentary for various situations.

            In the conditions of the aerobic the nitrification can be occur in the large catchments. For adding the nitrate in the sewer network denitrification and Anoxic conditions is considered very rare after the addition of the nitrate it becomes important. In the sewers network the denitrification is also possible and it has observed that rates of the nitrate is up taking in the biofilm due to the increase with the repeated exposure for nitrate.

        In the gravity the conditions of the sewers can remain aerobics that is owing for the reaeration, in the sewers the controlled the dissolved concentrations have strong variation that is significantly depending on the temperature. Due to the composition of the wastewater and its natural variability and the process of the transportation of the bulk water is difficult for predicting even in the conditions of the dry water. In the bulk water, sediments, gas phases and biofilm are more difficult to predict even in the dry weather conditions.   The catchments are going to be larger and the weather concern are also raised due to the biodegradable material could and the sewer reactions can be consumed in the sewers (A. M. K. Mikola, 2011).

References of the study on Wastewater Projects in Oman

A. M. K. Mikola, R. V., 2011. Factors Affecting the Quality of the Plant Influent and Its Suitability for Prefermentation and theBiological Nutrient Removal Process. American Society of Civil Engineer.

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Al-Kalbani, M. P. M. A. A. A. M. &. O. T., 2014. Vulnerability Assessment of Environmental and Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sultanate of Oman. Water, p. 3118–3135..

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