Literature Review on Accident Factors in Construction Projects and Impact of Situation Awareness, Fatigue, Stress and Workload on Accidents

        Gibb, Gyi, Hide &Haslam in (2005) the contributing features that are examine in manufacture accidents. As together the paper has drawn results from preceding focus on studies and group research of individually 100 manufacture accidents. Issues Pursuing upraised by the groups focus, on the circumstances the observation on the crash are qualitative and collected the information of each incident as well as the involved causal influences. Data on site based collection interviews entailed with intricate accident personnel and their manager or administrator, inspecting the location of accidents, and appropriate review of documentation. Issues that are relevant from the investigations site were then monitored up with stakeholders off-site, involving designers, suppliers, and manufacturers (Haslam, Hide, Gibb, & Gyi, 2005).

        Moreover, involvement of key factors phases in the coincidences were: difficulties that are stand up because the work team or of workers (accidents about 70% ), issues by workplace  at least (49%), (including PPE) especially equipment shortcomings (56%), difficulties with materials condition and suitability about (27%), and risk management with deficiencies about (84%). Retaining a systems ergonomics approach, a proposed model is representing how managerial originating, cultural factors and design that outline the circumstances that occur in the workplace, generous rise to the conditions and acts which, in the try, accidents lead. By the authors, It is discuss that the originating attention influences will be essential for continued improvement in building safety to be attained (Haslam, Hide, Gibb, & Gyi, 2005).

        In 2012 Salmon & Stanton, investigated on circumstances safety and awareness: confusion or contribution? Editorial security and awareness about the situation. The research body is accessible in the above issue suggested by both that Situational Awareness (SA) is a related concept for projecting safety and that it has much to offer research related to safety-. By the observations of authors, essential take-home messages produce by each SA article, protection and indeed the future SA applications –linked to security.  Situational Awareness is more probable to be considerably different crossways to human operators as while they are uncovered to a situation similar. Once dissimilar understandings situations are conflicts, incompatible arise which as a result leads to the incidents about safety-compromising (Salmon & Stanton, 2012).

        On the basis of the Author, they pointed out to have a significant impact there is an excellent opportunity for SA. While evaluating world actual affect the concepts of Factors for Human is a problematic proposal, the proposes of literature that SA yet to have succeeded the safety-related ideas of other Human Factors level impact just like ‘mental workload' and ‘human error'. This carries about a pressing requirement series in direction for SA to completely understand it's perspective like a concept related safety. Earlier, the content method and theoretical resolution are compulsory. The agreement requires to be accessed on the much suitable prototypes and evaluates to drive research to relate to safety (Salmon & Stanton, 2012). Secondly, implementation, the development, and testing of SA-driven designs involve in case of studies require to be carried out and widely connected in the literature of safety and academics. In specific, studies of extended term evaluating the actual world result of interventions based on SA are compulsory. On the third stage, and lastly, detailed and logical guidelines of SA design are needed for several types of area's application. For example the military, railway, and road. These should involve guiding principles on a system, design of training program and technology and as well as provide for teams, individuals and whole systems (Salmon & Stanton, 2012)

         By the research that is conducted by the Mearns, Sneddon, & also Flin in 2012, Drilling for gas and oil on connections offshore that is a dangerous profession as well as need the employees to preserve awareness work of high levels condition (WSA). The authors accessible a scale self-report advanced to amount the drilling personnel of WSA,  as well as inspects the inspiration of the presentation factors stress shaping and also exhaustion upon WSA, then the connection amongst the WSA, behavior unsafe and involvement in coincidence. A designed questionnaire to quantify variables was concluded through drillers 185 offshore employed on (UKCS) UK Continental Shelf (Sneddon, Mearns, & Flin, 2012).

         Moreover, the total WSA scale stated by the writers to show acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). they are measuring Sub-scales concentration; devotion; distraction and anticipation that had constants amongst 0.79and0.65. The much stress, sleep disruption or weakness are suggestively related by WSA lower levels. In an analysis deterioration, stress was initiated to be the only predictor significant of WSA. Now the outcomes of relation to the safety, WSA inferior was connected to improved unsafe participation in behavior. Personalities that had involved earlier been in an effort coincidence had WSA significantly lower scores than that had not an accident (Sneddon, Mearns, & Flin, 2012).

            Gheisari, Irizary, & Horn (2010) stresses on Situation Awareness (SA) that it advances the procedure of performance and decision-making in multifaceted, environmental dynamic by enhancing awareness ambient of the system operator. By the observations of authors that still now the SA that must not be measured as a method potentially of refining job-site According to the authors, till now, as a potential method SA has not been of job-site in building security.

        By the observation, the primary purpose of the author is to provide the conceptual models for the approach of the situation awareness for the construction safety management. By developing the method of the construction management as well as supporting the all of the systems which is center according to the requirements of the SA which is used to improving the process of the decision making of the safety management. The techniques of the GDTA (Goal Directed Cognitive Task Analysis) has been applied by the researchers for obtaining the requirements of the construction safety management. The foundation is laid by the SA requirements for the several future roles which is based on the decision for supporting the systems which will be used to assisting the personal of construction for decision making in the dynamic environments such as the job site of the development (Gheisari, Irizary, & Horn, 2010).

        Furthermore, it is depicted by the several authors there is potential in the identified hierarchies for enhancing the ambient awareness for the safety mangers in the complex.  It can also improve the awareness for the dynamic environ net of the construction job sites.  By using the previous knowledge, the safety manager must be taken more accurate decision for the key goals of the SA requirements, and it is also used to deciding what their key goals are. These all techniques which have great potential these are used to improving the practices of the safety management on the job sites. It is also used to identifying the requirements and critical information for decision making. The hierarchy of the SA can be improved in the various ways for embedding more detailed goals. The hierarchy of the SA can be improved the information and it also can be applied in the several areas of the construction industry.

Additionally, the hierarchy of the SA can be used as the basis for developing the framework of the interface of human computers. It can installed on the machines as well as the safety managers used the PDAs as the tools for decision making of the practices in the safety management on the job sites (Gheisari, Irizary, & Horn, 2010).

Basahel & Taylan (2016) engrossed on the SMS (safety management system ) which is used to providing the safe conditions for the workplace which is one of its primary purposes for the effectiveness of the construction companies.  At the construction site to making sure the safe work place conditions depends on the various factors which includes safety training, management commitment, safe behavior, and safety rules.  The purpose of the author is to establish the multiple methods for evaluating and identifying the factors which are affecting the safety conditions of the workplace at the Saudi Arabia construction sites (Basahel & Taylan, 2016).

        For measuring and determining the qualitative factor, the authors used the technique AHP (analytical hierarchy process)  which is affecting the safety of the workplace for assisting the evaluation of multiple concurrent criteria. Hence the certain weight can be determined by using the fuzzy AHP technique. Alternatively, the fuzzy technique is used for the order performance of the by the similarity ideal solution, and the model is used for evaluating the companies’sd performance and their ranking for the safety perspectives  (Basahel & Taylan, 2016).

         In 2014 Ibrahim et al. (2014) specified that the construction of building an industry that is complete up of numerous workers with different trades; this laborer are accumulation the locations at several stages of the process of development. This single feature increases more difficulty to the process of building; activities usually control as well as a team is not relax as unusual they originate from different backgrounds by particular features to them. Hinze (2006), supposed to recover performance on safety construction sites for the building firms need to be positioned and structured to create changes when it is required. He also specified that for the businesses to be certainly up to the mission in issues safely, they need a safety to adapt to methods which will not be constructed on only nursing injuries somewhat contract in measures/policies that can be central to performance on good protection. Inappropriately, however widely prequalification is skillful in Nigeria in the awarding process of agreements, factors of stability are not a priority given in these procedures (Olatunji and Aje, 2007).

        In 2002 according to Molenaar et al. supported that plans for safety must not stopover at the drafting levels of them, in its place they must go outside that formerly ensure the adequate creation of safety culture, the investigator is of the opinion of efficient and a proper implementation of safety and health that measures in developing states. Almost all sites for construction in developing nations are tackle with conditions that are unsafe by exposing the laborers to the hazards of full range. Unfortunately, risks remain not high lights to the labors, most that are usually in activities novice for construction. The contractor’s main aim in these republics is the proceeds that they create from executing like assignments, henceforward as they effort as far as probable to maximize profit.

         By the observation of Godwin in 2011, declares that mechanization increases of the work for construction that can speed up the structure and overall reduce the construction cost. For the vital role in appreciation that equipment and plant play in attaining the objectives of the project, customers are employing emphasis greater on the utilization of plants and even that equipment earlier by possession recognizing of machinery as well as a plant of workers perspective as a chief measure for the reward of the contract. About this development in response, sometimes contractors get on labors to individual structure plant as well as a tackle to be capable of contesting positively by their counterparts throughout tendering. There they do not discontinue; hay too methods of stipulates mechanized in their ways of production statement throughout tendering. They also compete with the purposes of implement that are specified by their tenders while contracts eventually are won and must be executed (Godwin, 2011).

         By the observation of Hassouna in 2005, it initiates that respondents of 75%, respondents from a whole about (83) had coincidences in their construction projects.recently the five years, respondents of 10% (5) had the cases of death, although 14% (7) had wounds that produced inability permanent and additional 40% (20) of them had injuries temporarily as the contractor's majority had a remarkably high number of light injuries. This observation also states that consultants of 92% (46), as well as owners of 75% (15), suppose that in the field safety is not only limited to all those employed, but it spreads to a slight gathering that might performance affect the protection in sites like government. As respondents commonly agree that labors have a terrible culture of safety that contributes to accidents increasing in construction rates, and the famous participants accept that professionals have the authority and power in sites to force all workers (Hassouna, 2005).

        On  the designer’s role, (41) about 49% of the agreed defendants, as well as(33) about 40% of them, powerfully decided by designers must be answerable for constructability besides working as secure construction as they have visits on consistent site to certify the secure building as stated, and record notes moreover mistakes that must avoid in the afterward designs. Furthermore, the consultant’s majority, as well as owners, had approved that to stay the services in the construction preceding while they prepared violation safely. The respondent’s commonly believed that the present regulations are inadequate. Respondents about 37% (31) supposed that the recent rules were applied that might not be appropriate in the construction industries. On the insurance companies’ role and ministry of labor, Ahmed initiates that the businesses of insurance maintenance a lot than the labor department of following issues for safety in the places for construction. Respondents of the 30% (25) agree that the companies of insurance organize the labor ministry decides safety site visits and only 14% (12) about them to appointments for arranging (Hassouna, 2005).

        Owners on safety conditions made by 18 for the contract, the observations states that about respondents of 53% (44) supposed  by a small number of proprietors institutions maintenance additionally in conditions for safety on the situation agreements, like UNRWA and UNDP, that include provisions strong in addition occasionally penalties compared to contractors who prepared violation safely. Against contractors on the deaths, about 25% (21) respondents set up that stopping the construction while a safety or injury violation occur, were measured as a consequence since stopover in the overhead that the task creates a lot of loss, efficiency, as well as the projects, might delay. For security also by utilizing the tools for safety, observation states that the respondent’s majority that high lights using firm hats by the score (2.90)

By the procedure that necessary for protection, surveyed by having the bag of first aid by score (2.85), by telephone numbers for an emergency, in addition to footwear safety is in the further degree (Hassouna, 2005).