Human and Financial Impacts of Type 2 Diabetes

        Foos, et al., (2015) explains that Type 2 diabetes is quite a prevalent is a prevalent illness that is affecting almost 8.3 percent of individuals in the United States of America. Out of these people, 18.8 million people have been healed or diagnosed while 7 million people have yet to be diagnosed. The CDC or Centers for Disease Control in the Fact Sheet reported that cases up to almost 1.9 million were healed in 2010 and 1.3 percent of the individuals are over 25 years and twenty-six percent have age over 65 seem to have diabetes. Even though gender doesn’t impact the presence of diabetes, ethnicity does play a significant role in its prevalence. Seven percent of white nonHispanic are affected, ten percent of Hispanic, and almost twelve percent of black non-Hispanic individuals are affected by it.

        Type 2 diabetes is actually an international epidemic which is not restricted by boundaries and its incidence has only increased in the recent years. It is evaluated that individuals up to 285 million are affected by it and have diabetes and this figure will only rise up to 438 million by the end of 2030. Increments in the prevalence of diabetes seem to correlate with an improvement in the status of national socioeconomic, as indicated by the sharp and drastic increment in the diabetes and obesity in China and India. At present, India is ranking the highest in the prevalence of this epidemic and is closely followed by China and then there is the United States of America following the lead (Foos, et al. 2015).

        Furthermore, it has been projected that by the end of 2030, the presence and prevalence of diabetes will be doubled. In 2004, it has been estimated that 3.4 million individuals have passed away due to the hyperglycemic issues and complications. It is projected by WHO that this mortality will be doubled among 2005-30. Most of the direct fatalities from the epidemic of diabetes take place in middle and low-income nations. This epidemic was actually ranked as the 8^th leading reason of death internationally but now, it is ranked fifth since it follows trauma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infections. Even though the mortality which diabetes cause is lower in America, it still accounts for seventy-one thousand deaths and played a role in 160,022 deaths in 2007. That is why, in accordance with CDC, diabetes has contributed in almost 231, 404 deaths out of approximately 2.5 million deaths. It is predicted that these figures will only increase and they will reach one in every three children being born in the 21^st century. Together with important consequences of health, an immense economic load is imposed by diabetes. The cost of diabetes has been examined by various studies over the globe and have evaluated that the developed nations tend to have larger burdens of finance through the costs of direct treatment and indirect costs from the loss which occurs in productivity. The USA in 2010 was measured to have invested almost 198 billion dollars or almost fifty-two percent of the global expenditure on the treatment of diabetes (Roze, et al. 2019).

        This seems to correspond with the average yearly cost of 9967 dollar per individual who is not diagnosed for treating diabetes along with its related comorbidities. It can also be said that indirect costs from decreased productivity and lost earnings reached almost 58 billion dollars in 2007 in the US. In China and India, these costs were higher due to the early mortality which is associated with diabetes. Almost twelve percent of the international expenditure of health care in the US. Meanwhile, myocardial infraction, stroke, and hypertension seemed to represent only ten percent of the international expenditure of healthcare. It is predicted by WHO that China and India will be inventing forty percent of their expenditure of healthcare on the management of diabetes when they will be expected to have at least 130 million cases. Therefore, the international expenditure for treatment and prevention of diabetes is predicted to get over 490 billion dollars by 2030 (Morello and Hirsch 2017).

        According to CDC (2019), diabetes at present is one of the most common diseases which is non-communicable internationally. It is fifth or fourth leading cause of death in developed nations and there is also a substantial evidence that it is an epidemic in many nations which are developing at the moment along with new industrial countries. Complications associated with diabetes like blindness, renal failure, amputations, neuropathy, stroke, vascular disease, and coronary artery are resulting in decreased expectancy of life, increased disability, and high costs for health for almost every society.

Diabetes is actually certain to be one of the most challenging issues of health at present. The number of researches over the past two decades has been commendable. However, many public health and government planners still seem to be unaware of the present magnitude or the future increments in the cases of diabetes in their nations. Besides diabetes, the condition of IGT or impaired glucose tolerance also constitutes to an important problem of public health, both due to its relation with the incidence of diabetes and relation with a strong threat of the growth of cardiovascular disease (CDC 2019).

        Type 2 diabetes is actually classified by the deficiency of relative insulin and insulin resistance, either of which might be prevalent at the time when diabetes is manifesting clinically. The certain reasons for the growth of these abnormalities actually are not known at the moment. Type 2 diabetes’ diagnosis normally takes place after 40 years of age even though onset age is normally ten years earlier in the populations with a high prevalence of diabetes. This epidemic can actually be asymptomatic for numerous years and the diagnosis is made from the related complications through a urine glucose test or abnormal blood. This disease is common but is not always, related to obesity which can easily cause insulin resistance while leading to elevated levels of blood sugar. It is familiar but important susceptibility genes have yet to be identified. Compared to the Type 1, people with Type 2 diabetes are independent on the exogenous insulin and are seemingly not ketosiprone. However, it might need insulin for controlling hyperglycaemia it this hasn’t been achieved with only diet (Waller, et al. 2019).

        Haghparast-Bidgoli, et al., (2018) explain that Type 2 diabetes seem to constitute for eight-five to ninety-five percent of all diabetes prevalent in the developed nations and seems to account for a further higher percent in the countries which are developed. This disease is now a serious and common health problem at an international level and for many countries, it has evolved in relation with the rapid social and cultural changes, unhealthy lifestyle, decreased physical activity, dietary changes, and rising urbanization. The large range of prevalent diabetes even in the similar or same ethnic groups when surviving under different conditions are highlighted in the Figure 1 (Haghparast-Bidgoli, et al. 2018).

Figure 1

        It can be seen clearly that many of the differences among the rates seem to reflect underlying social and environmental risk factors like level of physical activity and obesity. The high rates of Type 2 diabetes in ethnic groups are normally identified in urbanized or migrant populations that might have suffered or experienced a greater degree of the change in lifestyle. The lowest rates are normally determined in communities which are rural where individuals are living lifestyles integrating very high levels of physical work. The prevalence and incidence of Type 2 diabetes is also identified to be rising in children. Studies from Japan and America have demonstrated a rising rate of incidence and other ethnic groups with a high prevalence of adult diabetes like Pima Indians are also reporting a rising number of adolescent prevalence. This problem’s significance and the need for more study are emphasized by the authors. It is recognized well that the international burden of Type 2 diabetes is both rising and significant with most the cases registered in the recent twenty years (Breeze, et al. 2017).

        The international prevalence to 2025 from 2003 in adults is actually expected to increase from five percent in terms of the adult population to 6.3 percent. The absolute and proportional increase will take place in developing nations where the prevalence will seemingly increase to 5.6 percent from 4.2 percent. In China and India, the diabetic population is predicted to be double by the ending of 2025 (Waller, et al. 2019).

        The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is actually expected to get to 2.8 percent in Africa and it will reach 7.2 percent in Central and South America. It was estimated that only 0.2 percent of the diabetic population was under the age of 15 years in 1990. It actually seems to increase with age and some are affected due to it, particularly those who are quite old in the United States and the proportion is almost the same in many other nations. However, this is more likely to be underestimated since eight to forty-five percent of the diagnosed patients in the young population are in the United States and is because of Type 2 diabetes. Information and data from the third Survey of National Health and Nutrition Examination or NHANES III indicates that almost 16 million citizens of America have Type 2 diabetes in the US (Healthypeople 2019).

References of Impact of Type 1 Diabetes and its Prevention

Arora, Sanjay, Anne L. Peters, Elizabeth Burner, Chun Nok Lam, and Michael Menchine. 2014. "Trial to examine text message–based mHealth in emergency department patients with diabetes (TExT-MED): A randomized controlled trial." Annals of emergency medicine 63 (6): 745-754.

Borus, Joshua S., and Lori Laffel. 2010. "Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention." Current opinion in pediatrics 22 (4).

Breeze, P. R., C. Thomas, H. Squires, A. Brennan, C. Greaves, Peter J. Diggle, E. Brunner, A. Tabak, L. Preston, and J. Chilcott. 2017. "The impact of Type 2 diabetes prevention programmes based on risk‐identification and lifestyle intervention intensity strategies: a cost‐effectiveness analysis." Diabetic Medicine 34 (5): 632-640.

CDC. 2019. Diabetes—A Major Health Problem. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ndep/pdfs/ppod-guide-diabetes-major-health-problem.pdf.

Foos, Volker, Nebibe Varol, Bradley H Curtis, Kristina S. Boye, David Grant, James L Palmer, and Phil McEwan. 2015. "Economic impact of severe and non-severe hypoglycemia in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the United States." Journal of Medical Economics 18 (6): 420-432.

Haghparast-Bidgoli, Hassan, Sanjit Kumar Shaha, Abdul Kuddus, Md Alimul Reza Chowdhury, Hannah Jennings, Naveed Ahmed, Joanna Morrison, et al. 2018. "rotocol of economic evaluation and equity impact analysis of mHealth and community groups for prevention and control of diabetes in rural Bangladesh in a three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8 (8).

Healthypeople. 2019. Diabetes. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/diabetes.

Hippisley-Cox, Julia, Carol Coupland, Yana Vinogradova, John Robson, and P. Brindle. 2008. "Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validation study." Heart 94 (1): 34-39.

Ikonen, Tuija S., Reijo Sund, Maarit Venermo, and Klas Winell. 2010. "Fewer major amputations among individuals with diabetes in Finland in 1997–2007: a population-based study." Diabetes care 33 (12): 2598-2603.

Kalyani, Rita Rastogi, Christopher D. Saudek, Frederick L. Brancati, and Elizabeth Selvin. 2010. "Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2006." Diabetes care 33 (5): 1055-1060.

Liang, Xiaohua, Qianqian Wang, Xueli Yang, Jie Cao, Jichun Chen, Xingbo Mo, Jianfeng Huang, Lu Wang, and Dongfeng Gu. 2011. "Effect of mobile phone intervention for diabetes on glycaemic control: a meta‐analysis." Diabetic medicine 28 (4): 455-463.

Morello, Candis M., and Jan D. Hirsch. 2017. "Utilizing Advances in Diabetes and Targeting Medication Adherence to Enhance Clinical Outcomes and Manage Costs for Type 2 Diabetes Posttest."

Roze, Stephané, Jayne Smith-Palmer, Alexis Delbaere, Karita Bjornstrom, Simona de Portu, William Valentine, and Mikko Honkasalo. 2019. "Cost-Effectiveness of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Versus Multiple Daily Injections in Patients with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes in Finland." Diabetes Therapy 1-12.

Waller, Karen, Susan Furber, Adrian Bauman, Margaret Allman-Farinelli, Paul van den Dolder, Alison Hayes, and Franca Facci et al. 2019. "DTEXT–text messaging intervention to improve outcomes of people with type 2 diabetes: protocol for randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis." BMC public health 19 (1): 262.

Zhuo, Xiaohui, Ping Zhang, and Thomas J. Hoerger. 2013. "Lifetime direct medical costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications." American journal of preventive medicine 45 (3): 253-261.