Literature Review of Middle Eastern people represented in the Media from Saudi Perspective

            The intensive research work carried out by (Qutub 2013) demonstrated media misrepresentations about Middle Eastern people and cultures. The research defines the political intentions behind the misconception and stereotypical images about the Middle Eastern Cultures in the American media. The concepts provided by the American media effects the concept of locals, the general public considers the Middle Eastern on the similar biases (Qutub 2013).

        In the research, the critical analysis was chiefly comprehended to the three issues. As a matter of first and prime importance, the exposition addresses the explanations for confining and representing the Middle East through a negative way in the predominant media of the United States (Qutub 2013). Furthermore, the research investigates about liberation and freedom of Muslim women’s. In the last, the research reclassifies the culture and prescribes other alternative strategies instead of media of the United States and to have interactions with different Middle Eastern cultures. New strategies are introduced in the research to resolve the cross-cultural misunderstanding and to communicate the people in other effective ways (Qutub 2013).

        In the media, the Middle Eastern people are portrayed are repressive, inferior, restricting and male dominating society. The critical analysis identifies the stereotypical image and observes Middle Eastern cultures through the theoretical framework (Qutub 2013). The American media shows controversial issues and the challenge is to uncover the oppressive power discoursed beyond the media. The researcher lives in the United States and applies self-reflective rationale to find the contrasts in the American media (Qutub 2013).

        The Orientalism is considered for the typical imagery to conclude the influence on the stereotypical image on the Eastern culture. The false portrayal prevents the United States and other westerns from knowing about the reality included in the Middle Eastern Cultures (Qutub 2013). The observations about the Middle Eastern cultures are interpreted and evaluated in the research and it is based on the assumptions. The conclusions tend to demonstrate the deceptive, misleading and partial considerations (Qutub 2013).

        The misconception of Middle Eastern Cultures is based on the stereotypes as illustrated by Hollywood. Through the living of the United States the researchers identified stereotypical negative assumptions for the identification of middle eastern and Arab Muslims (Radcliffe and Lam 2018). The fabricated and stereotypical images were generated after the incidence of 9/11 that is associated with the Muslim individuals. The representation of Middle Eastern cultures is a requirement of American troops for the civil wars (Qutub 2013).

        The research conducted by Jack G. Shaheen in 1985 investigated the distorted image of Middle Eastern people and conflicts and how these issues are portrayed in the American culture.  (Shaheen 1985). In the media of the United States, the news corresponding to the misperceptions of Arabs generates a stereotypical image in the other people. The misconception illustrated in the media from past few decades influenced the foreign policies, decisions, the image in the world, and numerous sectors (Shaheen 1985).

        The portrayed image of the Arabs and people of Middle East is highly pervasive that induced threats on the public views and how the opinions of publics are engulfed. The ultimate impact is on the foreign policies of America towards the Middle East (Shaheen 1985). Throughout different perspectives, the everyday lifestyle, convictions, beliefs, and traditions of the Arabs are extraordinarily different and media is generating a general type of stereotyped image (Shaheen 1985). The research represented myths as perpetrated by different media groups and writers (Shaheen 1985). The investment of Arabs in the United States is minimal when compared to the other investors. According to the researcher, the perception of media induces direct impact on the public opinion the in reaction the Middle East losses corresponding vision (Shaheen 1985).

        All of the conditions were distinguished by previous official VP of the American Jewish Congress named as Henry Siegman. "At the point when Americans take a gander at the encompassing Arab social orders, they don't consider a comparable feeling of sympathy and similarity (Shaheen 1985). While on the other hand United States culture might be expected as emerging for standards regarding the societies, lifestyles, norms, and values.

        The prominent and well recognized foreign service officer Laurence Pope agreed with the Siegman and he mentioned further that one outcome is that Middle Easterners as well as Arab Muslims, their societies and their cultures are a reasonable source of entertainment for the stereotyping and bias that is of the crudest kind (Shaheen 1985).

        (Shirazi 2013) Investigated the role of social media in representing Middle Eastern people. The research methodology and approach is based on the theory of the social network and the method is critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the study investigated social media role in the MENA regions. The research identified that social media is portraying an intensified view of Middle Eastern people (Shirazi 2013).

        The study was limited to the particular time frame that was applied to the developing countries around the globe. The social media tool was provided through the internet and services demonstrated effective media discourse (Shirazi 2013). The intense use of social media among the citizens increases negative influence on the communities if the media is portraying negative information among the users. The internet is becoming a multi vocal platform that generates voices for the Middle Eastern people (Shirazi 2013).

        The mobilizing effect of the social media in the communication can generate hype for the conflicts. The United States is probably one of the freest press but nonetheless, there are still constraints that promote false perceptions (Shirazi 2013). The criticism of the Arab world killed concepts of a number of Arab lovers. Besides all the facts, the public opinion concerning the Middle East people is distorted (Shirazi 2013).

        The recent research reported a series of some annual reports and captured data about the facts in the social media for the Middle East (Radcliffe and Lam 2018). The research identified some continued growth from past few years that represents visual and social visions. The usage of social media such as snapchat, Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp has declined among the Arab youth. The overall product growth decreased due to political tensions in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. The report presented international coverage on social media (Radcliffe and Lam 2018). The rise of social media issues has an influence on the popularity of Middle Eastern people. The source of news on social media should be as authentic as mentioned by the research group (Radcliffe and Lam 2018).

        The research conducted by (Ridouani 2011) is related to the representation of Muslims and Arabs in the Western media. The western media is generating inaccurate perception about the Middle Eastern people, particularly for the fundamentalism. The literal interpretation is portraying Middle Eastern people as terrorism and extremism (Ridouani 2011). The distortion of facts generates a negative image of the culture and society of Arabs. The diverse world of Middle Eastern is populated as uncivilized characters and cultural stereotyping. The distortion of the Arab identity is due to the western portrayed imagination (Ridouani 2011).

        The deliberate framework fabricated by the media characterize a number of issues and features. The media painted violated and bluntly about the misconception related to the Middle Eastern people (Ridouani 2011). The Arabs are reputed on the basis of ideological framework. The legendary and fictitious figure of the Arab Muslims is identified by the distorted ideas that are falsely attributed to the imaginary concepts. The predominant concept of the media is on the performance that is inculcated by the Americans (Ridouani 2011). The media preserves unanimous stereotype image about the Arabs that induces impact on the political, social and cultural factors. The media is responsible for the fabrication of the wrong image about the Middle Western people (Howard, et al. 2011).