According to author Saini & et.al, (2016) it is conducted that; the ACMC for the Buck DC-Dc Converter is used for the reduction of the Voltage control Ripple control the different application like the LED lighting, correctors for the power factors and the battery charger, and eliminate the above problem the ACMC is preferred for this solution. In the two-loop converters of dc-dc, this is also a significant and well solution. The inherent benefits include; more resistance to noise, the invisibility of logic or digital circuits, and there are no requirements when it comes to slope compensation. At a point for achieving the best proportional gain, the amplifier of current error was crafted (N.Vishwanathan & V.Ramanarayanan, 2002). That point is where the inductor current's down-slope and saw-tooth voltage's upslope implemented to the modulator of pulse-width are equal to each other. But a higher ripple of inductor current was reached with this high gain; a proportional amplified component of the ripple was contained in the control voltage which can intersect the waveform of sawtooth voltage more than only once over every period of switching. Due to it, an instability in switching was created posing a restriction on both the sensed current at peak and duty cycle. Because of an error amplifier, a pole of high frequency deletes the component of switching frequency in the current that is sensed. This pole guarantees only the optimal condition of a slope, but when it comes to specific and clear sensing of current, nothing is contributed by it. This FYP paper or project proposes a technique for overcoming the above limitations which regulate and tracks the DC or actual average current in converter's every branch (Saini & et al., 2016).

        For CMC of SMPS, the comparison and analysis of the model are explained according to the author Kotecha, (2010), In this case, the ACMC method is a different application of the CMC method. Instead of controlling the peak current, the controlled one is an average current of an inductor. The RC network is compensating, and the external ramp compensates the average flow of ramp dynamically. When control schemes which are conventional are concerned, a set program is followed by the peak current of an inductor which offers compensation that is fixed or absolute. As, the best source of flow, PWM converter of dc-dc behaves and provides  benefits as compared to other control schemes. At a 50 percent duty ratio, this projector model exhibits sustained oscillations. For improving the power-factor, this model is efficient in boost converters because the input current illustrates the current of an inductor in a unique topology. After the utilization of analysis of discrete time, a small-signal model was crafted like past procedures. The further compensation of the average current is sensed by a network of RC circuit ( Kotecha, 2010).

        According to the author Ramya he has compared the peak and average current mode control of bridgeless fly back rectifier that has been improved through the help of bidirectional switch. The outer loop regarding the voltage feedback is employed by control schemes for maintaining voltage of output as an inner loop and a constant. For obtaining a regulated and constant voltage at the output by changing input voltage and this can be done through average and peak current mode control of fly back rectifier. This can be done through closed loop control scheme. Through this control scheme it can be seen that the current through the inductor is extremely high and this increase many issues in the circuit.

        These serious issues include peak to average current errors, a need for slope compensation and poor noise. The voltages at the reference have been increased through multiplying the output voltage error and the rectified input voltage. Through the use of this control method technique there is better load regulation and also line voltage with the help of inner loop of current and compared with the voltage mode control. For getting improved and high power fly back rectifier with low losses a quite improved fly back rectified can be made. In that bridgeless control there is only one switch that is attached with a common gate drive, diode and also there is another winding at the secondary side of the rectifier. The positive point is that the weight of the rectifier is not affected with these additional components.

        This kind of rectifier can be used as the adaptor. In this paper there is discussion on some designs of average current mode control with its software simulations and also with hardware results. The output rating of this rectifier was noted as 12 Volts and 1.5 Ampere current. In this paper different control topologies has been simulated but in the end the most suitable topology is the control method for fly back because this topology was involved in sensing the input voltage and then according to that it regulate the output voltage (Chandranadhan & Renjini.G, 2015).

        In this paper the author chen has given a new digital technique for charge the battery and achieve a constant voltage and current at the output and there is no requirement of any feedback control. The main idea for achieving constant current at the output and this can be achieved through limiting the duty cycle of these chargers. As the voltages of battery have been increased to the present voltage level through the use of constant current mode then after this the control mode shift its self towards the constant voltage mode. This type of digital controlled chargers is used for charging the battery of UPS. In this paper there are different controls methods are proposed through the help of software. Also in this paper there are some experimental results has been showed that will demonstrate the effectiveness of this design and its implementation (Chen & Lai, 2012).

        In this paper the author David has given the idea about the universal input single stage, high power factor power supply for high brightness LEDs that was based on integrated buck fly back converter. The high brightness LEDs have become a very important researched because these LEDs are used in many applications. In this paper, the streetlight has been implemented with the implementation of the integrated buck fly back converter that has been developed in the past. In this application the use of converter is just basically for giving proper power factor correction from the output of the AC source. The LM3524 IC is used for the control loop.

         This IC has been implemented for checking the feasibility of the converter in dimming mode.   In the first step the load of the LED is liberalized means constant voltages are applied at the output. Then for calculating the proper IBFC topology the load of the LED has been moulded properly according to that and then after this in the second step this converter has been designed and then tested in the lab. And for the fixed frequency and constant current control at the output the converter has been moulded according to that. In this paper there are some simulation results of this controller and then these simulation results has been tested by the experimental results (Gacio, Alonso, Calleja, García, & Rico-Secade, 2011).

        In this paper the author has discussed the fast switching control topology that will be used for series parallel tuned LCL. In this paper the author has proposed this idea for inductive power transfer system. In this topology there is use of an idea of traditional controlled rectifiers and these rectifiers are involved in giving regulated output voltage at the output through the rectifier. This topology has the ability to provide continuous power regulation as well as the smooth power transitions between the two main states of the switch and these are on and off state. Due to this condition the rectifier controller was involved in giving proper output voltage through the rectifier. Then after this in this paper there is steady stated analysis of this topology has been presented and this has been implemented through the real and reactive power.

        In this paper there are some SPICE simulations of this topology. Then after this these all results are verified with the help of hardware simulations by setting the power at 1.5 kW and dc voltages are at 300 volts. The hardware results show the efficiency of dc output pickup controller at 95% and that has been recorded at full load and when this is operated at one third of the rated power so still its efficiency is above than 85%. In this paper there is complete design of LCL pickup controller has been proposed. This kind of rectifier can be used as the adaptor. In this paper there is discussion on some designs of average current mode control with its software simulations and also with hardware results.

        This controller was involved in providing a continuous power control at the output from no load to a full load. There are two modes for the proposed controller in the paper. A specified steady state AC analysis with their unique characteristics has been presented in this paper of these two modes (Huang, Boys, & Covic, 2013).

            In this paper the author Ying Qiu has discussed about the digital average current mode control of the digital average current mode control of PWM DC-DC converters without use of current sensors. In this paper there is use of digital average mode control technique for the pulse width modulation. And for the fixed frequency and constant current control at the output the converter has been molded according to that. The controller was designed to control and estimate the current of the inductor in the DC-DC converters and this can be done through the help of first order discrete time low pass filter. The main aim of this paper is the design of this first order low pass filter so that this controller is able to calculate average current of the inductor after every switching cycle means that as the positive cycle come these controllers calculate the current through the controller.

        In this paper there is technique that will investigate the inductor current from the DC-DC converter by just setting the value of the duty cycle so that this method estimate the average current through the inductor and then after this remove all types of errors from the estimated inductor current and the calculated inductor current from the circuit. For this control technique an algorithm has been designed and this was based on two loop control structure that was involved in giving accurate and regulated voltages at the output of the converter and this can be achieved with the help of just basic converters that are known as the buck-boost, buck and boost converters. In this article there is discussion about these controllers design and their simulations on the MATLAB. Then after this there are some experimental results of this controller that has been seen through hardware simulations (Ying Qiu & Chen, 2010).

        According to the authors Leon he has given the sliding mode control scheme that was based for boost converters and this technology is used for high voltage and low power applications. In this paper there is complete design and its analysis of the high voltage boost converter that was operating between the two phases. The first phase is continuous conduction mode and the other one is the discontinuous conduction mode. The converter is operated with the help of 12 volt battery from the car and there is 1200 volts at the output of the DC-DC boost converter with the gain of 100.

        In this design of boost converter for switching there is use of hysteretic comparator. And through the use of this comparator it decreases the risk of modular saturation and also helps the converter to operate in both modes. The sliding mode technique is used in this converter for stabilizing the dynamic behavior of the switching regulator of the boost converter and also for the stability of the system. Through the use of silicon carbide devices the performance of the converter can be investigated for power switch realization. There are also some applications of this design that include efficient lighting system that is based on LED (Leon-Masich, Valderrama-Blavi, Bosque-Moncusí, & Maixé-Altés, 2015).

        In this paper the author Jian Li has proposed a new modelling approach as well as the equivalent circuit representation for the current mode control has been designed. For improving the efficiency of the light load systems on time current mode control has been used, through the use of this technology there is reduction in the switching frequency can be seen for minimizing switching loss. In this paper there is proper design for the constant on time control of the current mode control. There are some past models for constant on time control but these models are unable to give ideal response.

         In this paper there is new model for the constant on time control. In this paper through the help of proposed model the fundamental difference and the constant frequency and peak current mode control has been analyzed in proper way with simulation. The propose modelling method that has been proposed in this paper can be extended to other current mode controls like V2 controls. In this paper there is complete simulation and experimental has been presented for this proposed model of constant on time current mode control (Li & Lee, 2010).

        According to the author Miguel he has proposed a design for average inductor current sensor that can be used for digitally controlled switched mode control for the power supplies. For the two signals that are the current and voltages there is a need of analogue to digital conversion for the digital controlled switched power mode supplies.

        Through the use of window analogue to digital converter the complexity of the voltage analogue to digital converter can be easily reduced. But on the other side for current analogue to digital conversion there is need of high range of resolution required for wide range of signals this phenomenon increased the complexity during the power conversion. In this paper there is a design of simple feedback sensor and this sensor is capable of average the high current through the inductor. This can be done through the help of two analogue comparators as well as the low pass filter. Through the use of this approach there are very low external components and also very low use of digital hardware resources. In this paper proper experimental result with the help of simulations has been presented. This can be done by giving 12 voltages at the input and achieve 19 volts at the output of the converter. The main application of this sensor is in the digitally controlled 400 watt and 400 volts boost converter (Rodr´ıguez, Lopez, Azcondo, Sebastian, & Maksimovic, 2012).

References of Average Current Mode Control of Switching Power Supplies