Designer early years of Critical Research on Design History of Streamlining and Scandinavian Design

        The streamlining design also has another name, which is Streamline Moderne. This design was initiated from the Art Deco's later branch and proved so much influential in design history. It was so significant for architectural style, as it stressed its focus on nautical elements, long horizontal lines, and curving forms. In 1937, the movement of streamlining was on its peak, and it proved instrumental in mixing architectural structure with the electric lights designs. Different appliances used this style such as vacuum cleaners, small radios, sewing machines as well as electric clocks. Its role in materials science was also significant in so many ways. However, this design movement started in 1930 and ended in 1950. On the other hand, there is another important design movement, which is persisting until today and it is called Scandinavian modern design. It started in 1935, but its real emergence took place in the 1950s and this boost started from Scandinavian countries like Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. This design movement has so many wonderful design characteristics, which included mass production with low cost, functionality, stylization, minimalism, and uncomplicated as well as simple designs. It was one of the popular design movement in history that’s why it is still found in art and design of today’s world, and this prominent place to this design was certainly supported by the company like IKEA, which adopted this design on the global scale (St Edmund's School 2016).

        One of the characteristics of Scandinavian design found is mainly made with natural and warm color materials. This design element has an influential relationship with the climate in Scandinavia. Scandinavian lives under glorious in third-fourth of a year and abundant summer. It means they have limited daylight time. According to the phase-shift hypothesis, "shortened days cause the timing of our circadian rhythms to fall out of sync with the actual time of day because of a delay in the release of melatonin. Levels of this hormone usually rise at night in response to darkness, helping us to feel sleepy, and are suppressed by the bright light of morning." Lack of daylight leads them to suffer from unenergetic, sleepy and depression easily. It leads Scandinavian designers inspired to design products with warm and natural materials. They try to combine the delights of the natural world into the household product and interior so that Scandinavian can enjoy the connection with nature and sunset in winter. The short winter daylight and Nordic region's cold leads to the desire for bright interiors (ÖCAL 2012)

        Also, Scandinavian designers mainly used natural materials such as stone, wood, leather, and hemp. The views of nature are vital in Nordic design. Due to shortening and precious summer, it is difficult for humans to extract resources in endless night. The limited natural resource leads designers to attach great importance to the use of local natural resources in order to protect them. Therefore, ecological balance is one of the standards for design in Scandinavia

        The idea of equalitarianism also takes an essential role in Scandinavian design. The element of being placid is incorporated into their products. It is well-development of equalitarianism is because of the unique geographic position of the Nordic region. Except for the southeast part of Denmark has little connection with German, the whole region of five Nordic countries entirely separate from Europe geographically. It generates a unique isolation development area. Therefore, the Nordic region, fortunately, experienced the social revolution of democratization (Skou and Munch 2016)

        Without suffering from World War I in the 1910s and 1920s. The idea of competition among the world did not break into their core value of democratization. Meanwhile, with the democratization revolution of the five countries, the Scandinavian public tends to equalize their wealth for the better social welfare system. Thus, the ideas of placid and aiming to make a comfortable, natural, harmony home is root deeply in Scandinavian mind and their design also.

        Extend from equalitarianism, the idea of "Function First, Beauty for all" also take the vital position in Scandinavian design. It grew under the trend of social revolution; Modern Nordic design includes a strong element of social democracy which is design for people in all walks of life. The democratic spirit brings the principle of functionalism. People focus on the product own beauty more than its social status symbols. Nordic kids are taught not to flaunt their wealth and social status. To Scandinavian, a good design is well-functioned, affordable in price and service for the general public. Ellen Key, famous Scandinavian, appealed beauty for all. Swedish Society of Craft and Industrial Design have advocated more beautiful everyday objects. It shows that Scandinavian designers endeavor to create things for everyone, but not expensive design that normal people cannot own. It is inclusiveness to everyone (Fiell, Fiell and Englund 2017)

References of Critical Research on Design History of Streamlining and Scandinavian Design