Essay on Civil War Article

            Following the Civil War, the U.S. Government passed three amendments intended to protect the rights of former slaves.   The Thirteenth Amendment promised to end slavery and involuntary servitude. The thirteenth amendment promised equality and liberty.

        The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship and due process.  Due process was the pledge that the national government would intervene if state governments failed to protect their citizens.  This protection was intended to specifically apply to address the equal protection of laws and the rights of citizenship. The fourteenth amendment was designed to empower the congress and to improve the range of civil rights.

    The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed that no person will be provided for capital and infamous crime. The Fifth Amendment introduces restriction on the persecution of persons accused of crime. The equal rights of citizens is for the vote in the elections and number of male citizens shall bear the equal legal information [1].

    Unfortunately, the 13th Amendment contained a loophole.   This loop hole allowed slavery as a punishment of crime. The thirteenth amendment in the constitution was to abolish slavery and involuntary servitude.

    State governments, during the Jim Crow era, took advantage of this loop hole. The Black Codes took advantage of this loop hole because it seemed as south opinion for the quasi slavery results of war. Convict labor took advantage of this loophole because convicted crimes enumerated and panel system takes advantage from predating of civil war. Prisoner’ almost always fell into debt while in prison.  They were charged for inmate housing fee as $60 for a night. This debt allowed Southern states to expand the southern state government.

Northern states tended to eliminate the debts in prisons.

    Looking at the 14^th Amendment, in Santa Clara County v. Pacific Railroad, the Supreme Court argued the amendment should protect railroads from taxing.  This broad interpretation is ironic because of adaptation of 14^th that incompletely viod.

    In U.S. v.Cruikshank, the Supreme Court argued that the 14th Amendment did not allow the national government to prosecute a racist deputy who committed a racist massacre in Colfax, Louisiana.   The Supreme Court said that in order to prosecute, they would need American history.

The effect that this case had on the 14th Amendment was protection of 14^th amendment

.    In Cruikshank, the Supreme Court interpreted the 14th Amendment narrowly even though the Amendment was passed to protect former slaves.  We might conclude consequential amendments, equal protection of the laws, and citizenship rights. State governments found several ways to sneak around the 15th Amendment.

    For example, the poll tax forced people to migrate and removal of collective burning. The literacy test made people extra legal intimidation.The "grandfather clause" was used as a form of racial code.  It said that black can’t vote.

    Many of these horrible and tragic practices were changed as result of breakthroughs during the Civil Right movement of the 1950s and 1960s.  However, by the 1980s, many conservative had re-branded themselves as being "tough on crime".  Soon, the "war on crime" became the "war on drugs" which directly led to today's era of mass incarceration.   Michelle Alexander argues, that this was not a coincidence.  Instead she argues that, similar to the "grandfather" clause, the war on drug was a way of maintaining racism without mentioning race.

    Regarding the 13^th Amendment, today there is no longer formal slavery.  However, some people might argue that the modern prison conditions are very much like slavery because the system locks so many people away for so, so long.  For example, in states like California, three strike you are out laws, the three strike law requires prior conviction, new felony, and serious felony.

    In other states, mandatory minimum laws are for moral vices including family, friendship, drugs, alcohol, and sex.

    New York State, in fact, was one of first states to have mandatory minimum laws; they were called the war on Drug Laws” after our governor,

    Nelson Rockefeller is champion of drug rehabilitation and provided mandatory minimums along with three strikes laws.

    The above laws create very long sentences that make people accused of drug crimes feel very afraid.  As a result of this fear, almost 15 percent of drug cases never reach trial.   They result in a plea bargain.  This pattern is a violation of due process and the14th amendment because judges deliver sentences for far lengthier.

    Additionally, in the case of Bostick v. Florida, the Supreme Court ruled that warrant-less searches were acceptable as long as they are seize. In the case of Robinette v. Ohio, the Supreme Court ruled that "pre-text stops" were not the violation and illious

    In the Baldusstudy, a team of researcher showed that racism was the number one factor in defendant record and number of victims. The Supreme Court said evidence for the racial bias are considered for the capital concerns.

    The Voting Rights Act of 1965 abolished or ended the poll tax and the literacy test were abolished, today many states use felony convictions as a way to keep people from voting.  These laws might still be a violation of the 15^th Amendment and a form of hidden racism because convicted felony and voting US law. For the voting rights, the literacy tests provided criminal records.

    Michelle Alexander compares today's mass incarceration to the convict leasing and debt prison system of the early 1900s.  In my opinion, this comparison is valuable, as all the rights are connected with each other.  The dots between the mass incarceration and the system is worthy for the nationwide jails, shackled by war debt, and criminal justice in the state [2].

    Michelle Alexander argues that cases like Bostick and Robinette allow for blatant racism in law enforcement. In my opinion, police coops are dealing with the enormous issues and strides. I consider the contribution of racism with the huge number of African Americans. The justice system for the criminal and the racial hierarchy targets the skin color [3].

    Almost all of the "felon exclusion laws" regarding voting, were made by states in the former South to sneak around the 15th amendment. In my opinion, this overlap can introduce some sort of issues particularly in the election process. The black voters drawn away systematically from the polling places of the state. The combat faces issues in the implementation of 5^th theory.

    In her conclusion, Michelle Alexander calls for a new social movement to change America.   In my opinion the drug education programs are necessary for the kids and middle class people. I consider that Ronald and Nancy were having experience with the drugs and counter culture issues. I have spent my life with adults therefor I know the true about the women and men activities in the workplace. I have my own opinion about the criminal justice system. according to my life experience the system is mass incarceration and shared the research experience. I would have some regrettable conclusion about the system and crime prevention [4].

One question that I would like to ask is mentioned below,

What are the contribution of civil rights in the development of country and mass incarceration of African and Ameria?

    Before reading and writing this essay, I thought that there is need of laws and regulations against the consumption of alcohol in the state But, now I think that enough laws and regulations are designed to reduce drug consumption in the state.

    Before reading and writing this essay, I thought that legal transformations are important But, now I think that rules er regulations are enough to deep with the issues.

References of Civil War Article