Part b) Question) What is X ray diffraction and why this technique is being used for the crystal structure analysis?

X ray Diffraction is a rapid analytical technique which is being used primarily for the phase identification of crystalline material and then can also provide long lasting list of information on the unit cell dimensions. Through this technique structure of crystal can be viewed through any dimension closely and how the groups are linked with one another.

 Part a) These days students are not that much focused during the lecture and they want to get notes so that they can cram each and everything and at the end just write it on the paper. According to me what I think is that it is better to understand rather than just learning and write all of the course on a paper only for the sake of numbers. As I am interested in making an educational testing and assessment firm to evaluate about the students I would make an outline of Biomaterial that can help them not only in their understanding but also in understanding and an application purpose.

The biomaterial is a field of science in which different material are being designed and manufactured to be used in close contact with the biological systems, fluids, tissues and to serve for a medical purpose. In this field, students learn that how a damaged organ can be replaced with the artificial one or how a disease can be treated.

Outline for better learning of this course includes:

·         Class quizzes based on weekly lectures

·         Class assignments

·         How student interacts with the teacher and other students as well

·         Group presentations where I can examine that how better a student is learning, performing and then presenting from the class lectures given to them

·         Different models would be made and then question answers would be asked from them

·         Lab performance

·         Final-term performance

·         Then at last grade would be made by examining all the performances

Different practical performance would be done on a weekly basis so that students can learn that how this field is applicable in the transplanting of organs. Only teaching can’t help students to learn. I would then evaluate the performance of students not only on the midterm and final exams but also on the class and practical performance as well. How student responds in the class to different questions because these are the small things that can help them that where do they stand and how much hard work they need to do more if they are lacking at some stage.  

 Question) What is passivation Metal?

Passivation is a complete process of coating or treating a metal to make sure that its chemical activity is being reduced of its surface. In the case of stainless steel, passivation is a word which means the removing of free iron from the surface of the metal by the use of an acid solution for the prevention of rust.

Question) what is passivation?

Passivation is a process of non-electrolyte by the use of typically nitric acid or citric acid which are further helpful in the reduction or removing of free ions from the surface and then forms a connection called as inert, protective oxide layer forms which further renders the stainless steel more rust resistance by the lacking of iron for further reacting with the atmosphere.

Question) Differentiate between passivation and corrosion?

Passivation is a complete process which is designed to increase the process of corrosion resistance of the stainless steel parts and while corrosion is a process in which metal or metal becomes corded.

Question) What is stress shielding?

Stress shielding is also known as stress protection which takes place when metal implants such as bone, screw and plates which are being used for the repairing of fractures in the surgery of joint replacement. Stress shielding is a big major problem that has been reported. It leads to a bone loss.

Part d) Two difficult questions:

1) What are the effects of corrosion failure of implants?

Reaction of metallic ions take place that leaches away all of the implants which takes place due to corrosion in the body of human effects several parameters related to biology. At once when the fracture in the body occurs corrosion also starts to accelerate because of the increased amount of surface area and loss of an oxide protective layer.

2) Name that device which is helpful during the surgeries for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Device is named as an Oxygenator; it is especially medically designed device which is capable of exchanging Carbon dioxide and Oxygen in the blood of a human patient during surgeries. This is required especially during when there are chances that may necessitate the interpretation of the flow of blood in the body, blood vessel or can be any of the critical organ. These organs can be liver, heart or lungs and the vessels can be aorta, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery or vena cava.

This device is very helpful and playing a very vital and positive role in the field of medical for many of the patients. Yet it is an artificial machine but it works like original without causing any of the internal or external damage to the patient. This machine helps in replacing the heart’s pumping action and the lung’s gas exchange function. At one place it plays two roles during the surgery.

Additional questions

3) Give explanation about the concerns related to engineering which need to be followed in the complete design of prosthetic heart valves.

4) Discuss some of the methods for the testing of biological performance of the implanted constituents.

5) What do you think about biocompatibility and how it is affecting society? In a positive or negative way?

6) Make a list of the factors that are involved in the development of devices termed as percutaneous.

7) Name the internal organizations agencies that lay down different protocols for the testing of implants.