Introduction of Photovoltaic system

The photovoltaic system is an energy generating system that works on the similar principle of solar panels. The energy system in the photovoltaics takes input energy from the sun and then converts it into the electricity. The system have many advantages in industry and domestic use such as safe, low maintenance, reliable, and green energy system. The photovoltaic system contributes to the green environment and provides sustainable energy. The photovoltaic system can be divided into two main categories including off grid systems and grid connected. The grid system is more reliable for the local energy generation and distribution in the remote locations. The elements of the system functions efficiently according to the processes (Blair, Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014).

Problem statement of Photovoltaic system

The present work considers the performance for the renewable energy system and analysis of photovoltaic system. The simulation model is designed by System Advisor Model (SAM) for the photovoltaic system. The model consists of three modules and two inverters. The system integrated in the project measures the performance and cost for the financial model. The renewable energy system was developed to meet the demands on the basis of given data and available equipment. In the day timing the solar system will produce power by PV panels and power is transferred to the OGZEB to meet the demands of energy. While on the other hand in the night time the PV panels will use the produced energy. The present report comprises of two objectives including PV system design and how it works and minimization of the cost required to develop the PV system.  

Available data of Photovoltaic system

The construction plan depend on the budget and area to be covered in the project. The roof area is 98.1 m² and it is facing towards south. The inclination angle of the roof is 30⁰ inclined. The PV system will work in the day time and batteries are sufficiently enough to deliver the required and cheap energy (Blair & Dobos, 2013). The maximum capacity of the batteries will be reduced after sometime. The better should be replaced when the capacity reduces to 20 %. The building characteristics matters for the proper functionality of design and the entire house operates at 60 Hz, 120 V and power factor of 1 (Cameron, Boyson, & Riley, 2008). The performance rate for the PV design is adjusted to 0.25% and the losses in diodes can be 0.5% and losses in the wiring system will be 1%. The soiling of the panels and capacity reaches to 4%. The shadow casted next to the building will be 10%. The PV modules are $7.21/W, batteries costs $180 kWhr, and labor rate is $30/hr (Cameron, Boyson, & Riley, 2008). The direct expanses reduces to 10% and the installer is provided with the maintenance services at the fixed rate of $100/year. The expected lifetime of the system is 25 years (Blair, et al., 2017). 

Design model of Photovoltaic system

The SAM model considers weather conditions for the renewable energy resource. The SAM based model provides graphs, tables, and displays the metric tables for the leveled cost of energy. The single value metric tables and graphs are provided for the performance analysis (Blair N. , Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014). The auto run simulation provides customized graphs for the performance. The performance model of SAM measured hour by hour calculations for the annual system output and general performance evaluation (Cameron, Boyson, & Riley, 2008). The flat plate PV model provided separate models and the layout of the system considered concentrating PV model as CPV. The solar resource data was measured by the incident radiations and algorithms. The Photovoltaic model used inputs for the conversion efficiency, capacity and inverter performance characteristics (Cameron, Boyson, & Riley, 2008). The model considers ambient temperature data, wind speed, and effect of the temperature on the working of the PV cells. The photovoltaic system consists of concentrating photovoltaic and flat plate photovoltaic system. The series model for the hourly generation of the energy is measured and figure 1 depicts the storage system for the Photovoltaic system (Blair N. , Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014). The SAM model uses interface, programing interface and calculation engine. The input variables were provided to control the graphs and results. The input variables describes the physical characteristics for the basic simulation (Blair & Dobos, 2013). The output variables provides results in form of graphs and tables. The programming worked as external program to measure the computation model (Blair N. , Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014).     

Figure 1: the series time graph for the hourly generation of electricity (Blair N. , Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014)

Financial model of Photovoltaic system

The financial model of SAM considered various types of the powers as related to the cash flows and specified for the electrical output in the series of the of cash flows. The SAM financial model included sales leaseback, all equity partnership flip, leveraged partnership, and utility scale for residential and commercial retail rates. The model of SAM measures levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for the cash flow, revenue cash flow, and internal rate of the return (Blair N. , Dobos, Freeman, Neises, & Wagner, 2014).

Conclusion  of Photovoltaic system

The present was related to the implementation of SAM model for the photovoltaic system. The report includes installation cost, labor, land cost, project cost and maintenance cost. The number of inverters and modules, derating factors and tracking type is considered for the photovoltaic system. The type of collector and receiver provides information about the power block capacity, storage capacity, and parabolic systems. The analysis measures real discount rate, tax rates, power purchase prices, and financing models.  

References of Photovoltaic system

Blair, N. J., & Dobos, A. P. (2013). Comparison of Photovoltaic Models in the System Advisor Model. Retrieved from www.nrel.gov: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58057.pdf

Blair, N., DiOrio, N., Freeman, J., Gilman, P., Janzou, S., & Neises, T. (2017). System Advisor Model (SAM) General Description. Retrieved from www.nrel.gov: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70414.pdf

Blair, N., Dobos, A. P., Freeman, J., Neises, T., & Wagner, M. (2014, 02 01). System Advisor Model, SAM 2014.1.14: General Description. Retrieved from www.nrel.gov: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/61019.pdf

Cameron, C. P., Boyson, W. E., & Riley, D. M. (2008). COMPARISON OF PV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE-MODEL PREDICTIONS WITH MEASURED PV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE. 33rd IEEE PVSC, 01(01), 01-06.