Executive Summary of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

In this research study there is an analysis of the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions. During the pre-second and the post second, the War photography is the genre of the same age. This research study will examine the theory and practice of documentary photography prior to the Second World War. It helped create small changes in social conditions like donations to the Farm Associations.  In this research paper primary as well as secondary research is employees to fulfil the research objectives. The questionnaires for the primary research distributed among the professional photographers and documentary makers. for the primary research previous researches are reviewed. The significant photographers work on the Russian battlefields of grueling front was practically unpublished until following Cold War. TheWorld War II was the primary most important extensive conflict that is covered extensively by photojournalists, who earn standing as hero for danger their lives in the direction of events visualization. This project regarded the documentation of the U.S.’s people. Specifically, it was more or less about reaffirming the cultural values and democratic ideals of the nation. In terms of government, there is always a chance of censorship and self-censorship by publishers, editors, and photographers, stand together to force a limitation on a specific military situation’s visibility.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary  2

Chapter 1: Introduction  4

Research purpose  8

Research objective  8

Research question  9

Significance of study  9

Chapter 2: Literature review   10

Chapter 3: Methodology  11

Population  12

Sample Selection  12

Sampling Technique  12

Instrument Development 13

Data Collection Procedures  13

Data Analysis Technique  14

Hypothesis  14

T-test 15

Chapter 4: Results Analysis  16

Chapter 5: Discussion and Findings  17

Chapter 6: Conclusion  19

Chapter 7: References  22

Chapter 8: Appendices  24

Chapter 1: Introduction of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

 In this dissertation the research is about the documentary and the photography of the pre-second and post- Second World War. The Social documentary photography might be devoted for the socials group by the socio-economic as well as the cultural similarities, to presenting the working conditions to preserve the shameful for discriminatory. For the political along with the social changes, of the documentary power is associated with images. Development of the official photography is accomplished through the corresponding the reduction opportunities in the forms of the photography. There are various photographers which is not uniform to continue the restricted the coverage of the home font, for the officials photographers is active in documenting for the effort of civilian Various constrains along with the limitations, the amateur of the photographers for all the nationalities to combine the significant body which worked to inform the public understanding the war itself. In contrast international coverage’s for the mobilization during 1914, were the relatively interest of little during documenting for the demobilisations for the largest armies which is assembled. Lack of the photographer is showing the demobilisation which reflects the public mood for the extreme War, fatigue and the political and the social upheaval. [1]

In this chapter I will ask; under what social conditions was pre-war documentary photography produced? And, what was the purpose of documentary photography during this period? I will explain how the pre-war photographers wanted to use documentary photography in order to effect change in social conditions. Dorothea Lange and Robert Capa will be the main focus of this research study. Lange’s image Migrant Motherwas shot in 1936 while she was employed by the U.S. government’s Farm Security Administration (FSA) which was formed to raise awareness of the Great Depression and to provide aid to the poor farmer families. The farmers during the time lived in poverty. As Lange states:

“I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and close from the same direction.”

The image embodies within a very tight frame the poverty-stricken conditions people lived in at that time and was a symbol of the Great Depression and helped spread awareness about the conditions of the Great Depression.  Robert Capa’s image The falling Soldier (1936) is a picture taken during the Spanish Civil War and depicts a Republican soldier at the moment he’s shot. This image helped earn Capa the title as the master of war photography at the time. The image helped change social attitudes towards war and depict its consequences on individuals rather than on large masses of people [2].  Richard Whelan points out:

 “The horrific tendency of modern warfare is to depersonalize. Soldiers can use their weapons of mass destruction only because they have learned to conceptualize their victims not as individuals but as a category the enemy. Capa’s strategy was to depersonalize war to emphasize that those who suffer the effects of war are individuals with whom the viewer of the photographs cannot help but identify.” – Richard Whelan.

In September 1939 when Second World War occurs, only one Army photographer, and cameraman go together to France with British Expeditionary Arm Force. The Army decided to form a trained corps cameramen and photographers On 24 October 1941. The element was known as Army Film and Photographic Unit. The Army Film and Photographic Unit cameramen and photographers were taking on from Army ranks. In peacetime many had been force down photographers. At Pinewood Film Studios all employees had to experience necessary preparation in photography of the battle. The overall permits and Badges were issue after challenge to take away photography by soldiers of the overzealous British. The photography of war involves conflicts of photographing armed and it has an impact on places and people.

Photographers who participate in this genre may find themselves placed in harm's way, and are sometimes killed trying to get their pictures out of the war arena [3]

The World War II, in 1937that effectively begin with China and Japan’s invasion, pursued and in 1939by invasion of Germany in Poland, in 1945overcome the globe by its termination, encompass divers conflict theatres transversely the world and a enormous participants spectrum.  The conflict saw a particularly extended official photography use, with photographers comprehensively tie together to the war prosecution, both as armed forces part and also as civilians incorporated into armed forces.  As distributed in the press and particularly the magazines picture that had reproduce in years of the interwar, photographs turn out to bemost important and exclusively powerful form of media extensively documented as critical to the effort of war [4]. 

It is “basically,” stated by the American General Dwight D. Eisenhower that“public opinion wins wars.”  The photographic innovations in graphic and design arts in interwar era, mainly in the Germany, by eruption of war magazines picture had developed a complicated visual page usage that confirm extremely effectual as dynamic layouts, public relations, active associations narrative involving varying sizes and types of pictures, effective combinations of the picture-text, an attractive interaction of visual montages, series and symbols.  The term like “propaganda” and “news” not effectively portray the visual war understanding in the piece of paper of Regards the British Picture Post, French Vu and Paris-Soir, Match and the American Life and Look Illustrated London News and the Illustrate Beobachter and the Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung :  misinformation infused with importance and timeliness of news, and news girded by misinformation confidence and destiny sense [5].

            The following publications also highlight the auteur ship of person in the photographers of the World War II.  The W. Eugene Smith who is an American photographer, characterize the World War II figure photographer as courageous humanist.  At the same time as other skilful photographers in Pacific and European theatres made empathic and clear of events records (particularly Bill Brandt George Rodger and Burt Hardy who was a British photographers) Smith attempt, that, “to call out as teacher and surgeon and entertainer” an “indictment of war.”  In the photographs of the cameraman at ocean and at the Pacific battles on Saipan, Guam, Tinian Iwo Jima and Okinawa where he was critically injured, Smith take on a well-organized observational preparation that resolve bitter, physically focused wars into well-built statements, and industriously locates tenderness moments in brutality mindset.  A design master renders dreadfully wounded events with a sure difficult elegance, let loose the sensory sum of war under the symphonic sign [6].

            On all Second World War fronts legitimated the civilians targeting and the cities ruination to an unparalleled quantity, and to be sure, victory base on the civilian life destruction.   It can also be said that the Second World War Soviet photographers have been significantly less famous exterior of past Soviet Union.  All of the atrocity Photographs remain middle and most hard Second World War bodies of photography images for the documentary that proclaim abyss to “negative epiphany,” point in the pithy phrase of the Susan Sontag’s.  In August, 1945 the perfect case in point of act of violence remain the plummeting of Hiroshima atomic bombs and Nagasaki and six million European murder of Jews and their collaborator in a number of countries [7]. 

In World War II years around, some of the photographers write out photo journalism and documentary photography into individual statements stimulated by modern social life. Some of the documentary photography was connected with Photo League, in 1936an association found when Sol Libsohn and Sid bankrupt away from Photo League to figure society devoted to social change and documentary photography. Throughout McCarthy era, the group ever more distances itself from subjects politically responsive, moving from the Lewis Hine model to that Helen Levitt in 1951before its termination. So it can also be said that the Working exterior to the photographers Photo League similar to Louis Faurer. The W. Eugene Smith who is an American photographer, characterize the World War II figure photographer as courageous humanist.  A design master, renders dreadfully wounded events with a sure difficult elegance, let loose the sensory sum of war under the symphonic sign [8].

The sequential point on the unknown and insignificant urban life fundamentals become both a projection of his own multifaceted considerate and an insurgent voice in the conventional background of postwar America. [9].

Research purpose and objective of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The purpose of the research is to study about the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions.   The aim of the research study is to analyze the role of photography of war on decreasing the social propagandas.

The key objectives of the research are following

The understand the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography role in decreasing social propagandas.

To know about the potential different between the documentary photography during world war and in the present era.

To analyze how documentary photography during world war 2 help in evaluating the social conditions.

To study the social conditions impact on documentary photography of the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war

Research question of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The research questions of the study are following

What is the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography role in decreasing social propagandas?

What is the potential different between the documentary photography during world war and in the present era?

How documentary photography during world war 2 help in evaluating the social conditions?

What are the social conditions impact on documentary photography of the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war?

Significance of study of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The study at present is important various ways. Although there is still some literature present on the documentary photography of Post-WWII and Pre-WWII but this study will be a critical addition to it. The investigation of goal achievement and task accomplishment of photographer and their impact on the world war’s documentary will be carried out in this study. Thus, the existing literature will be enhanced by this study. Additionally, the study at present is unique as it investigated the documentary photography of Post-WWII and Pre-WWII.

Furthermore for the researchers, the research study will be a productive and good learning source. The practitioners and academicians both will be benefitted with this study. That is why this study is deep in its own and will contribute accordingly. The following objectives of research will be produced for this research.

Chapter 2: Literature review of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

Hyvonen, Heino, Leskinen, Ikkala, & Koho, (2016) analyze that for the publishment of hetrogenous’ collection, the e WarSampo system segregated data about the WWII on the Semanitc Web. Specifically, WarSampo is formed on the basis of harmonization of huge datasets through the utilization of modelling which is event-based. The enrichment of semantic datasets with contents of each other is thus made possible. There are two components of WarSampo: The very first is LOD service or Linked Open Data and WarSampo Information or Data for DH or Digital Humanities research for the creation of applications linked with war history. Secondly, a WarSampo Portal which is semantic has been developed for demonstrating and testing the data service’s usability. Both laymen and historians are allowed by The WarSampo Portal for studying destinies and war history of their relatives form different connected directions. In the November of 2015, it was published that distinct visitors reaching almost 20,000 were supported by the WarSampo during the beginning 3 days which shows that public has a great interest such applications and networks [10].

[11] Conducted a research and analyzed that WWI left a deep gash on Europe’s ground surface as no other since or before annihilation of humans. Modern technology featuring digital mapping is applied by the author to the pictures which are aerial captured by early pilots. A military works’ landscape is also created which might not have been clear or detailed for other generals and historians at that specific time. For a war’s historians, a lot of potential is harnessed by the GIS inventory and is also significant tool for the management of this heretical which quite integral [11].

[12] Conducted a research and analyzed that correspondents of War have to meet high expectations and responsibilities from themselves, economic actors, political parties, suffering victims, and societies. In general for all journalists, it is certainly their objective to integrally notify their home-countries and societies about the horrendous situations of wars and its after-effects and how down-graded have the circumstances become for the civic society. Therefore, publications of visual media are specified by a higher sensation’s degree and attraction of attention and emotions of audiences. Photographs3 and other news products like it point towards the empathy and feelings of people. Sensationalism’s higher level and an unexpected picture are showed by them; categories of news value are followed by them.4 Target is pursued by such categories for endorsing the news material to compete successfully against the visual material’s massive amount that is transferred over the globe. 5 Therefore, it is tough to follow due diligences of general journalist since economic and political forces, and social forces not influence them but also direct them for efficiently enforcing their targets which are individual [12].

Chapter 3: Methodology on Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

            During the selection of research design, the emphasis is also upon the relation of research design with the study’s objectives. Therefore, for the present study’s nature, the explanatory design fits the most. For the study’s quantitative nature, this design is also fitting. At present, the research study’s nature is quantitative. That is why it is more suitable in that role. In the paper, both the secondary and the primary research would be utilized.

In the research paper, their primary or initial results which are to implemented are ANOVA, Regression analysis, and Cronbach's Alpha. For hypothesis Hc and Ha, the tests are important and for testing Hd and Hb, the second test must be initiated. For antecedents, there would be no individual test: the regression test for documentary photography for Post-WWII and Pre-WWII would cover no doubt antecedents as well to signify that results represent the photography directly.

Population in Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The present study’s population is the documentary maker and professional photographer. This research study will include all professional with sufficient knowledge about documentary and photography.

 Sample Selection of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

With almost 200 documentary makers and photographers, the sample will be chosen. For investigating the problem, the sample’s size is suitable. This is the sample’s suitable and minimum level which needs to be chosen.

 Sampling Technique of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The technique of random sampling will be implemented which is quite simple. Such a technique is actually the technique featuring probable sampling. The technique of random sampling has a higher standard of generalization and its outcomes are recognized as more valid. With the assistance of lists, the random sample method will be sued. The lists will be obtained featuring photographers from officers and numbers will be specified. The selection of subjects will take place with the categorization with random tables. That is why it is not only an essential but also an important way for collecting sample and information.

 Instrument Development of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

            For the collection of data from participants, the questionnaire will be utilized. It will be utilized for analyzing the photography documentary of WWII and the questionnaires will include the information about documentary of Post-WWII and Pre-WWII. To collect information which is reliable and authentic as well, the questionnaire is considered a very important way and is adopted widely.

 Data Collection Procedures of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

The administration of data will be personally carried out by researchers. For such an objective, approval before it will be given by the authorities who are concerned. To make the participants aware of the information collection’s aim, the approval letter and covering letter will be used. Additionally, the instructions for filling the questionnaire and giving their views will also be provided. For undertaking, these classifications and arrangements are considered significant and for data collection and authentic selection’s sake as well. Through the covering letter, it will be indicated explicitly that research’s purpose is non-commercial and is not going to be carried for the commercial activity’s sake.

Furthermore, the respondents’ participation would be subjected to individually or voluntary. Respondents will not be forced by the researchers and they will have the freedom of quitting at any time of research. Thus, this will be the research procedure while will be carried out in that specific context. Participants will not be given any incentive and they would be subjected to their personal decision. It will be their choice whether they wish to participate or not. That is why these considerations will be given a lot of attention and priority. They will, after all, contribute a lot to the research.

 Data Analysis Technique of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

            Choosing the accurate statistical method is the most significant element. Thus for the present study, the data analysis methods are based on not only the inferential analysis of data and descriptive analysis of data. For the analysis’s sake regarding the demographic variables and elements, the technique of descriptive analysis of data will be implemented. Such methods and techniques include central tendencies, graph charts, percentages, and frequency. In such type of an analysis, these are some of the very important methods.

            But the techniques concerning analysis of inferential data will be integrated as well. Regression and correlation are included in such methods. Both of these methods will be used for assessing direction’s nature and effect of a variable over the other variable. In a similar way, impact’s magnitude is investigated by regression of the independent one over the counterpart.

            Therefore, both regression and correlation analysis will be utilized through the utilization of software SPSS to study the effect of goal achievement and task accomplishment of an employee on the performance of an organization. That is why the significance of both inferential and descriptive analysis of data is considered quite critical and important. Both of the tools for analyzing data will be implemented for assessing independent variables’ effect over the other variable.

Hypothesis of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

Ha1: The Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography have a role in decreasing social propagandas.

Ha0: The Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography not have a role in decreasing social propagandas.

Hb1: There is a potential different between the documentary photography during world war and in the present era.

Hb0: There is no potential different between the documentary photography during world war and in the present era.

Hc1: Documentary photography during World War 2 helps in evaluating the social conditions.

Hc0: Documentary photography during World War 2 not helps in evaluating the social conditions.

Hd1: The social conditions impact on documentary photography of the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war

Hd0: The social conditions not have any impact on documentary photography of the Pre-second world war and Post-second world war

T-test of Pre-second world war and Post-second world war documentary photography and its social conditions

 

Attached in Excel file