Introduction of Thermodynamics of Super fluidity

First noticed in liquid helium, super fluidity is an important phenomenon. It was discovered by the following experiment: Flow was studied through a narrow diameter capillary, and the experiment concluded that the fluid is flowing without friction. An additive integral of super fluidity is found relating to motion of super fluids, which helps in experimentations on the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions for super fluids. It is done in an extended space of thermodynamic variables, which contain, in addition to the usual coordinates of pressure and temperature, the velocity and momentum density of super fluids. Landau super fluidity criterion is replaced at finite temperatures due to these thermodynamic inequalities. To generalize, we transport something through capillary to observe it’s, which the transport of its mass or electrons is. (Annett, 2004 ).

The law of conservation of mass is obeyed, as the total mass nor are the number of atoms changed throughout the experiment. However, in relativistic systems, mass is generally not considered to be conserved, therefore, we can also say that the number of helium atoms are considered as a charge. Therefore, we can rephrase our statement that super fluidity is the transportation of a charge without any friction, and conserving the charge.  This statements help us question the existence of other systems where conserved charges show dissipation, and affect fluidity, however we will discuss it after discussing the super fluid helium, which has many astonishing properties in addition to frictionless flow. It also develops vortices on rotation, which are quasi-one-dimensional strings proportional to the externally imposed angular momentum. Landau quasiparticle model also helps us calculate comprehensive tables showing the properties of helium-4 in terms of thermodynamics, including its specific heat and entropy. Continuous functions of temperature, pressure, excitation properties including number densities, and wave number present neutron data. We have included discussions of calculation of that data, and comparison of the experimentally observed and calculated results as well wherever needed. Present theoretical methods are insufficient to describe thermodynamic properties, and effective spectrum is used to solve this problem (Volovik, 1992 ).

In this study the liquid helium is studied at the above the freezing temperature and at the saturated vapor pressure. This paper also discusses the thermodynamics calculation and the helium’s super-fluid functions based on the theory of Landau in detestable state. Subsequently, the quantities of thermodynamics are mentioned as sums over distribution of thermoecxications elementary. Moreover, it is observed that at the low temperature, the density is not high and excitations interactions are ignored. Moreover, the excitation of wave’s energy number in the independent temperature is given as e0q (Phys.org, 2013).

How it was discovered? 

Helium’s super fluidity was discovered in 1937 by a Moscow based scientist Port Kapitsa who published it in January 1938. It was also independently discovered at University of Toronto by John F. Allen and Donald Misener.

What are the properties of it?

A fluid possessing zero viscosity and flowing without losing its kinetic energy is called a super fluid. On stirring, cellular vortices that keep on rotating are formed in super fluids. It is found in two helium isotopes, namely helium-3 and helium-4, which re cooled to cryogenic temperatures to liquefy. It is also found in other matter states which are yet merely theorized in branches of astrophysics, quantum physics, and high-energy. This phenomenon relates to Bose-Einstein condensation, but we cannot say that any is a specific type of other, considering that nei9ther all super fluids are Bose-Einstein condensates nor all Bose-Einstein condensates are super fluids. Lev Landau developed the theory of super fluidity (Caupina, Edwards, & Maris, 2003).

Atoms of super fluids exist in same quantum states, possessing same momentum and their movements are tied with each other. This is the reason that super fluids move frictionless through all obstacles, and helium can flow through a jar’s sides and over its top. This deviation from the gravitational force is due to a surface wave, which pushes this thin film up the sides of any container. Discovered in 1962 by Tisza, this phenomenon was called third sound. Another consequence of third sound is the fountain effect photoexcited super fluids forma vertically upward fountain from its surface.

Super fluids are characterized by high conductivity towards heat. Normally, heat diffusion through a system is slow, but in super fluid, it is so fast that thermal waves are generated. A fourth type of wave found in super fluids is second sound. The name is misleading, as they do not involve pressure changes.

Although they have unconventional wave properties, they are still able to transmit regular pressure waves. Due to this peculiar behavior of super fluids, scientists came up with a two-fluid model to describe super fluids. This theory was independently formulated by two scientists, Landau and Tisza, in 1941 and 1940 respectively. Their theory stated that super fluids are made up of a percentage of same quantum state atoms and thus function as single specie; and a percentage behave as atoms in normal, varying quantum states. Normal atoms decrease in number with the decrease in temperature. This theory describes super fluid behavior, but more and more properties are being discovered to date.

Why naming it super fluidity?

It is named as super fluidity because of the fact that its flow is frictionless and not viscous, as in liquid Helium below 2.18 Kelvin’s (Phys.org.2013)

Significance of Thermodynamics of Super fluidity

It is the most significant topic in the branch of Thermodynamics. When we discuss about the functions of Super fluidity we also consider the use of super fluid helium (He II) all encompassing the superconducting systems. In the midst of the systems, He II is a high-quality coolant in contrast to other low-temperature Helium cooling techniques. Reason behind its unique behavior is the property of impressive thermal transport at decreased temperature.

The significances we see are not easy to attain, as the core problem is the complexity of the hardware related to the delivery of He II. This paper includes numerous main overviews about the utilization of He II cooling property in relation to the pertinent property of thermal fluid. The paper also discusses the following concerns:

Transient and steady-state heat transport

High Reynolds number flows

Two phase phenomenon

It is determined to draw suitable connections for the fundamental super fluid properties and the prerequisite of the application. (Annett, 2004)

What make it distinct?

The significant thing is, with super fluidity we can perform those phenomena that can only be run under Quantum Mechanics which is based outside our mental capabilities and common sense. When Helium III is cooled down to absolute zero state in super fluidity we can simply strengthen them by multiplying and making it double I-e number of atoms in act of the same type, at the same place and at the same time which is known as Bose-Einstein Condensate.

The result is beyond the common sense: the channeling of atoms can be visible in glass and solid vessels at a measurable rate. Violation of gravity occurs when the contents or atoms coming upwards over and out of the solid vessels.  Well-organized and effective heat and sound conduction can be noticed. (Volvo, 1992)

Physic can only clarify the laws of nature at work in our surroundings. In order to understand the nature especially human life one need imperative information about it. It is central to note down that Physics of our era cannot clarify some things like super fluidity and various other Quantum Mechanics phenomena like biological events for example the process of photosynthesis (chlorophyll based of which affectivity is based upon the performance of Quantum Mechanics

Is it in the nature?

If we consider ultra-light quasi particles like exciton-polaritons, super fluidity has been demonstrated only at liquid helium temperatures.  In this case, the limit is forced by the small binding energy of Wannier-Mott excitons not by the actual mass. Which establish the upper limit of temperature?

Here we validate the change from supersonic to super fluid flow in a polar ton condensate under ambient state. This can be done by the use of organic micro cavity subsidiary Freckle exciton-polaritons at room temperature.  It is helpful for the tabletop study of quantum hydrodynamics and for room temperature polar ton devices that can be strongly protected from sprinkling. (Volovil, 1992).

Particle usually flows in exotic state of matter without any friction and viscosity, which is called as super fluidity. A team of researchers lead by the Hiroko Oklegami has developed a research in which they have observed the properties of super-fluidity and breaking of bond of super fluid helium 3’s natural symmetry.  In the result of this experiment they have made great discoveries in physics as it is stated by the researchers that “the spontaneous of symmetry breaking is fundamental and universal phenomena that can be seen in multiple branches of physics. Further, they described that it is preferred by the nature to take less symmetry state in the presence of the symmetry laws.    

In helium 3 super fluidity takes place at a thousand of a degree above absolute zero temperature in which there are two helium 3 atoms are involved bonded together to form a Cooper pairs that are capable of moving without any restriction or hurdle. Angular momentum is the main property that is present in Cooper pair which explains the rotation of the pair. The angular momentum either is aligned upwards or downwards of the entire cooper pairs in the Helium 3 super-fluid.

The breaks of the helium 3’s super fluidity symmetry is linked with the mirror-image and left-right symmetry (Phys.org, 2013)

Conclusion of Thermodynamics of Super fluidity

It is concluded that the equilibrium stability states indicate thermodynamics disparities, which supplant the Landau super fluidity criterion at finite temperatures.  It was first witnessed in Helium in liquid form. If it is revolved around, it will make whirlpools, quasi-one-dimensional strings, which is directly proportional to the forced angular momentum outwardly.

Incessant functions of temperature pressure, wave length and wave number, density, normal and super fluid densities, which are calculated directly helped obtaining neutron data. It is seen that a super fluid forms cellular whirlpools that nonstop rotates, indefinitely, when mixed.

 When helium is liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures, it gives two isotopes Helium 3 and Helium 4 in which super fluidity occurs. Similar are the properties of other state matters. It can be seen in the higher physics, quantum theories of gravity and in the astrophysics. Moreover, it is concluded that at the absolute zero the normal atom’s amount decreases. In describing the phenomena of super fluid, this theory founds effective whereas researchers are still working on it with an aim to discover some new properties.

A basic and fundamental concept, which is found in physics, is the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking. It stance is that if the fundamental laws are symmetric even then nature favors taking a less symmetric state. In the midst of the systems, He II is a high-quality coolant in contrast to other low-temperature Helium cooling techniques. Reason behind its unique behavior is the property of impressive thermal transport at decreased temperature. Violation of gravity occurs when the contents or atoms coming upwards over and out of the solid vessels.  Well-organized and effective heat and sound conduction can be noticed. The finding is of a great value in many areas of physics.

References of Thermodynamics of Super fluidity

Annett, J. F. (2004 ). Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates. New York: OUP Oxford.

Caupina, F., Edwards, D., & Maris, H. (2003). Thermodynamics of metastable superfluid helium. Physica , 185–186.

Phys.org. (2013, September 6). Breaking nature's superfluid symmetry. Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2013-09-nature-superfluid-symmetry.html

Volovik, G. E. (1992 ). Exotic Properties of Superfluid 3He . Moscow: World Scientific.