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Introduction of Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular system or also named the circulatory system, or else the
vascular system defines as an organ system that allow the blood circulation in
distributing some essential nutrients (electrolytes and amino acids), hormones,
oxygen, carbon dioxides, as well as blood cells towards and from the cells
located inside the body with a purpose to deliver nourishment and also support
the body to fight the diseases, stabilizing pH and temperature, besides than
maintaining homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system is every so often named as the blood-vascular
which contains heart as a strong pumping instrument, along with the vessels'
closed system named veins, arteries, and capillaries. As the name has
explained, the heart has its main function to pump blood consisted of the
cardiovascular system around the vessels closed circuit as it through multiple
times over the various body circulations.
In the adult’s body, how the evolving embryo will be survived relies on the
blood circulation to maintain homeostasis and also a positive cellular setting.
As a reply to this requirement, the cardiovascular system would make its
presence early in progress and would reach a functional stage way before
another main organ system of the body. Amazingly, the primitive heart would
start to beat on a regular basis primary within the fourth week succeeding
fertilization.
The critical function of the cardiovascular system in the context of
maintaining this homeostasis relies on the regulated and constant blood
movement throughout thousand miles of capillaries that infiltrate each tissue,
and then reach every single cell within the body. An ultimate transport
function is performed by blood inside the microscopic capillaries. Furthermore,
the nutrients along with other fundamental materials would pass over the
capillary blood and enter the fluids surrounding whole over the cells as waste
items are detached
The various control devices are meant to help in integrating and also
regulating the different functions and elements parts of the cardiovascular
system, with the main purpose to supply blood to particular areas of the body
in accordance with the requirement. All of these mechanisms will make sure that
there us a consistent internal environment surrounding every cell in the body,
apart from categorizing the demands intended for nutrients or else production
of waste materials. Around 98,5% of the oxygen inside a model of arterial blood
within a healthy human is chemically mixed with haemoglobin particles. On the
other hand, the rest 1,5% is physically liquefied inside other blood fluids and
not linked to the haemoglobin. The molecule of haemoglobin is known as the main
transporter of oxygen in mammals and some other species as well
There are two parts of the cardiovascular system which are:
·
The
systematic circulation, which carries out the blood from the heart to the
entire other body parts and returns to the heart
·
The
pulmonary circulation, which is a brief circle from the heart, goes to the
lungs, and then return to the heart
The pulmonary circulation
of
Cardiovascular System
The pulmonary artery is known as a huge artery that arrives from the heart.
This artery splits up into two primary branches and then carries blood to the
lungs. In the lungs, the blood will pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
After this, the blood will return to the heart from the pulmonary veins
The Systematic Circulation of
Cardiovascular System
In the systematic circulation, the blood that has returned to the heart and
carries lots of oxygen will go to out to the body. The aorta defines as a huge
artery that supports the heart distributing this oxygenated blood. Then, the
branches of the aorta will send the blood to the heart muscles, along with the
other body parts. Same as a tree, these branches will get smaller and smaller
since those branches get distant away from the aorta. At every single part of
the body, a system of small blood vessels or capillaries will link the tiny
branches to tiny veins and lead to bigger veins as the blood reaches the heart.
The valves inside the veins would keep the blood flowing within an accurate
direction. Once the blood has returned to the heart, then it would need to
re-enter the pulmonary circle and then return back to the lungs and release the
carbon dioxide and again, pick up the oxygen
Investigations on Cardiovascular System
The function and also health of the cardiovascular system along with its
part have been investigated and measured within a variety of both manual and
also automated methods. These consist of certain simple techniques such as
those which are part of the cardiovascular inspection such as:
·
Taking a
pulse of the patient as an indicator which described the heart rate of the
patient
·
Taking the
blood pressure with using a sphygmomanometer to indicate the heart’s valves
issues
·
Using a
stethoscope to hear the heart murmurs and indicate the problems
·
Using an
electrocardiogram to examine the method whereas electricity is piloted
throughout the heart
Components
of the cardiovascular system
The main components of the cardiovascular
system consist of blood vessels, heart, and blood. The detailed description of
the functions and processes of different components is mentioned below,
1. Blood
of
Cardiovascular System
The blood in the human body is composed of
different parts including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and white blood
cells. The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen, platelets for
clotting, white blood cells to make up the part in the human immune system, and
plasma is the blood cells, wastes floating the liquid, and nutrients
2. The
heart of Cardiovascular System
The heart works to pump the blood around
different parts of the body. The position of the heart in the body is inside
the chest, in front of the lungs and the slight left direction. The pumping
function of the heart is like a double pump that is made up of four chambers
and the blood flow is regulated in one direction through the heart valves. The
sound of heartbeats is due to contractions of the chambers
2.1 The
right side of the heart of Cardiovascular System
In the upper chamber also known as
"atrium" the deoxygenated blood moves in which carbon dioxide is
diffused. This blood is further squeezed down towards the right lower chamber
known as "Ventricle" and it is taken by the artery towards the lungs.
In the lungs, the carbon dioxide of the blood is replaced with new and fresh
oxygen
2.2 The
left side of the heart of Cardiovascular System
In the left side of the heart, the oxygenated
blood travel towards the heart and this blood enter in the upper left chamber
of the heart that is atrium. The heart pumps the blood into the lower left
chamber known as ventricle and then pass through the aorta "artery".
The blood is then pumped to circulate in the body once more.
3. Blood
vessels of Cardiovascular System
The blood vessels are spread in the body and
they are connected with others to form a network. The blood vessels have a
range of structures and sizes that depend on their role in the body. The
vessels are composed of two closed systems one is pulmonary vessels and the
second one is systematic vessels. The function of pulmonary vessels is to
transport the blood from the right ventricle towards the lungs and then back to
the left atrium. On the contrary, the function of systematic vessels is to pick
the blood from the left ventricle of the heart to tissues of all body parts.
These arteries then take the blood back to the right atrium
3.1 Arteries
of
Cardiovascular System
In arteries, the oxygenated blood is pumped
from the heart and these arteries are muscular. The big arteries are divided
into the tree-like branches until they become slender. Aorta is the biggest
artery in the body that is directly connected to the heart and takes the
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. The pulmonary artery is the only
artery that picks the deoxygenated blood from the heart and runs between the
lungs and heart. The smooth muscles of the arterial make the smaller arteries
that contract and expand to regulate the blood flow. In this way, the heart
controls the flow of blood in the body
3.2 Capillaries
of
Cardiovascular System
The arteries further divide down in the smaller
blood vessels named as capillaries. The size of capillaries is very small that
only one blood cell can more through it. The food nutrients and oxygen pass
from the capillaries to the cells. The capillaries are then connected to the
veins and the cells can be used to transfer the blood
3.3 Veins
of
Cardiovascular System
Veins consist of one-way valve instead of the
muscles and it works to stop the blood circulation from running back in the
wrong way. Generally, the veins carry deoxygenated blood from the parts of the
body towards the heart. The blood is then sent to the lungs. The exception in
the network from the working system is for pulmonary veins which takes the
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pass it towards the heart
4. Blood
pressure of Cardiovascular System
The blood pressure can be defined as the amount
of pressure inside the circulatory system at which the blood is pumped in the
body.
5. Functions
of the cardiovascular system
There are three major functions of the cardiovascular
system including regulation of homeostasis in the body, transportation of
materials, and protection from pathogens. Each major function is discussed in
this section
5.1 Transportation
The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood in almost
all the body tissues. The transportation of blood in the body delivers
essential nutrients such as oxygen and removes the waste and carbon dioxide to
be processed and removed from the body. In this process, the hormones are
transported in the body through the liquid plasma of blood
1)
To pick up
the oxygen and food content form the respiratory system and digestive system
respectively and then deliver them to the body cells.
2)
To pick up
the carbon dioxide and wastes from the cells and then deliver it to the lungs
and kidneys.
3)
Transport
the chemicals, enzymes, and hormones throughout the body.
5.2 Protection
of
Cardiovascular System
The circulation of white blood cells in the
body through the cardiovascular system protects the body. The white blood cells
then clean up the cellular debris and fight back to the pathogens that entered
in the body
1)
Inflammation
and clotting prevent the excessive loss of fluid and produce limit that
prevents from spreading the infection.
2)
Chemical
activity and circulation of cells identify and then remove the pathogens from
the body and the function is under the immune system
5.3 Regulation
of
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is the instrumental
process related to the ability of the body and it works to maintain homeostatic
control for the several internal conditions. The blood vessels as well as blood
circulation helps to maintain the body temperature by controlling the flow of
blood in the surface of the skin. The blood vessels that are near to the skin
surface open up during the time of overheating and allow the hot blood to dump
the heat. For instance, in the case of hypothermia, the blood vessels constrict
to improve the blood flowing through the vital organs in the whole-body parts.
The blood circulation in the body helps to balance the value of pH in the body
and the pH value is balanced by the presence of bicarbonate ions and buffer
solution. The albumins in the blood plasma provide a function to balance the
osmotic concentration of cells in the body and it maintains the isotonic environment.
Many diseases and serious conditions in the blood can stop the proper working
of the cardiovascular system
1)
Electrolyte
balances and maintenance of cells and tissues.
2)
Maintenance
and balance the level of base and acids in the tissues and cells.
3)
Regulation
of homeostasis temperature that transfers excess heat from the core body parts
to the skins.
6. Effects
of ageing factors on the cardiovascular system
The advancing age face a number of issues such
as heart diseases and issues in the cardiovascular system. The effects of
ageing on the cardiovascular system are listed below,
1) One of the major noticeable effects of ageing
on the cardiovascular system is the stiffening of arteries
2) The heart in more age has to work harder to
overcome the resistance in blood flow.
3) At the high age, the ventricles become enlarge
particularly left ventricle may become thick so there is not enough space to
pump the blood effectively.
4) The valves become calcified and thick.
5) The impulse conduction in the cardiovascular
system becomes difficult and increase the arrhythmias or sometimes heart block.
6) The ageing effect leads to the death of muscle
cells, the heart becomes weaker, and lower the tolerance to the physical
activities.
7) With age, the atherosclerosis is the main
change observed in the blood vessels.
8) The arterial walls become stiff due to an
increase in the deposition of collagen fibres as well as a decrease in the
resilience of elastic fibres
9) With age, the decline is observed in the
responsiveness of baroreceptors and as a result vasomotor response lead to
change in the blood pressure. The quick more and laying process for the blood
is drawn away from the brain and it can also cause fainting and dizziness.
7. Disorder
of the cardiovascular system
The disorder and disease in the cardiovascular
system could lead to death and heart failure. The disorders include heart
diseases, heart attack, stroke, hypertension, hypotension, varicose veins, and transposition
of the great vessels
8.
Conclusion of Cardiovascular System
The aim of the present work was
to analyze the cardiovascular system from different perspectives. In the first
section, the report includes the discussion and analysis of two major parts of
the cardiovascular system including pulmonary circulation and the systematic
circulation. After that, the further
discussion is related to the investigation of the cardiovascular system,
components of the cardiovascular system, functions of the cardiovascular
system, transportation, protection, regulation, effects of ageing factors on
the cardiovascular system and disorders in the cardiovascular system. based on
the present report, it can be concluded that the cardiovascular system is also
known as the circulatory system that maintains the blood distribution in the
body and it is composed of different body parts including heart and blood
vessels.
References
of
Cardiovascular System
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(2011). Nanomedicine and the Cardiovascular System. CRC Press.
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