Messages
Proposals
Get Urgent Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework Writing
100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support
Table of Contents
1. Executive summary
2. Introduction
3. Fall of ground fatalities in South African mines
Analysis of fall of ground
incident rate
Fatality rates per region
Injury rate per region
Accidents classified through
location
Fatalities rate of men in mining
Utilizing roof surface control
technology
Minimizing scaling
Conducting hazard training
Implementing
critical safety procedures
4. Conclusion & recommendations
5. References
Executive summary
of Mining Sector in South Africa
According to 2018 there is ten
percent decrease are shown in fatalities as compared to 2017. This information
is explored by South African department of mineral resources. There is no change in gold operations regards
to the fatalities because in both years the death of people is 40 but at other
operations it is changed to 82 percent from eleven to twenty. Total fatalities
in all the operations fell down year to year from ninety and eighty one it is
great improvement in ten percent and fifty percent coal and platinum sectors.
In 2019 in first two months there were 5 fatalities all over the South African
mines this was a report of 2019 while in last year it was fourteen which was a
change of about 69 percent
These all are the evidences of
improvement of safety record in fatalities rate in South Africa mines ground
fatalities. The total fall is 2669 to 2350 which is decline of almost 12
percent which is in resemblance to improvement at operations of coal, platinum
and goal. In project mining there is an increase in accidents which is almost 2
percent which increase from 291 to 296. These all are trends regards to
occupational fatalities and disasters in South African mining industries. These
all are the figures announced by the ministry which also show the number of
death rate from 2016 to 2017. There is almost every year there is a decline in
the rate of deaths rate in south African mines in these years there was a declined
from 34 to 25 which is decline of about twenty six percent. It is become
possible due to common effort and together work of many person which results in
a visible output in decline of fatalities rate in South African mining
industries
Introduction
of Mining Sector in South Africa
Beginning of this year is proved
beneficial for the initiative of South African mining industries. The death
rate before than this year was 100 percent which is fell down to eighty one
percent which is a very major changes occurs in the lives of occupational
fatalities rate in present year than . In 2016 it was the lowest rate which was
seventy three death which was 90 before 2016 but in some mining industries
there is no changes occurred regards to fatalities rate in mining industries
which includes gold mining.
According to 2018 there is ten
percent decrease are shown in fatalities as compared to 2017. This information
is explored by South African department of mineral resources. There is no change in gold operations regards
to the fatalities because in both years the death of people is 40 but at other
operations it is changed to 82 percent from eleven to twenty. Total fatalities
in all the operations fell down year to year from ninety and eighty one it is
great improvement in ten percent and fifty percent coal and platinum sectors
In 2019 in first two months there were 5
fatalities all over the South African mines this was a report of 2019 while in
last year it was fourteen which was a change of about 69 percent. These all are
the evidences of improvement of safety record in fatalities rate in South
Africa mines ground fatalities. The total fall is 2669 to 2350 which is decline
of almost 12 percent which is in resemblance to improvement at operations of
coal, platinum and goal.
In project mining there is an
increase in accidents which is almost 2 percent which increase from 291 to 296.
These all are trends regards to occupational fatalities and disasters in South
African mining industries. These all are the figures announced by the ministry
which also show the number of death rate from 2016 to 2017. There is almost
every year there is a decline in the rate of deaths rate in south African mines
in these years there was a declined from 34 to 25 which is decline of about
twenty six percent. It is become possible due to common effort and together
work of many person which results in a visible output in decline of fatalities
rate in South African mining industries.
There are many goals are setting
for the next to eradicate the fatalities of occupation in the industry the
whole is called as zero harm for the 2020. This explores that in 2020 there is
no fatalities in the sector of mining in South Africa which is not easy to do
but which needs important steps and efforts to make this goal possible for the
occupational person because their lives are also very important for the mining
industry because they work consistently without fear of losing their life.
Mineral council SA states that from 1994 to the 2016 there is visible change in
the fatalities rate which is almost 86%.
Fall of
ground fatalities in South African mines
The total rate of fatalities
across all the regions of South Africa has been increased to greater extent.
Total fatalities are becoming unchanged, with 40 deaths from 2017 to 2018.but
fatalities at other operations in the future will climb 82% from year to 2011
to 2020. It has been reported that five fatalities have been analyzed across
South Africa in the mines and tends to elevate within two months of 2019. The
number of accidents in South Africa operations has followed the same pattern,
and total incidents related to mining have been an appreciable increase in
project mining
A great number and increase figure have been shown that ministry
announced the total number of deaths that are attributable to occupational
diseases from 2016 to 2017. Moreover, many causes and trends of fatalities have
been growing in mines of South Africa which has affected the occupational views
and created many disasters in South Africa mining industry. It has been
visualized that in one incident there exhibit six or more fatalities during
mining. A miner who tends to speed
twenty years of working underground faces one out of thirty chance to die
especially in occupational accidents. The fatality rate of gold mine has been
improved upto33% for long. On the hand in coal mines the decline rate has been
analyzed substantially. Whereas in diamonds mine and mineral mines fatality
rate has been increased. Fall of the ground is the most important cause of
fatalities
The following graph shows fatalities rate in South
African mining industry during 10 year from 2003 to 2013. According to this graph, fatality rate is
dropping continuously in the mining industry in result of remedial practices
and employees safety concerns of mining companies in South Africa
Figure 1 Fatalities Rate in South African Mining Industry
Figure showing 10% decline in the
mining related to particular fatalities in South Africa from 2017 to 2018.
Analysis of
fall of ground incident rate of Mining Sector in South Africa
National economy of South African
sector put forward wide concept about fall of ground incidents rates. A major
factor that threatens sustainability of mining industry is incidents that
result in injuries and deaths at dramatic rate. The destruction rate and
pollution of environment have been visualized. And these accidents have led to
seeking attention from Government and in return, shut down the mines due to
threats of accidents. It has been estimated that country stands the risk of
significant losses in mining industry, and data of 2012 showed that mining
sector accounted for 262.7 billion loss and imparted great loss in GDP
Human error is the major cause
and causes 85% of all accidents in South Africa mines. According to other data
the continual fall of ground safety incidents in many regions of South Africa
has been shown in mining industry, which stated that many regions exhibiting
gold mines or fall of ground incidents at Masakhane mine experienced the worst
result in 2018. The loss and seismic incident rate resulted in 13 mineworkers
who were trapped underground, and many employee details were presented and
troll to death. But many Departments of Mineral Resources are working actively
for investigation of incidents and their causes to overcome great risk
Fatality
rates per region
The total rate of fatalities
across all the regions of South Africa has been increased to greater extent.
Many regions in South Africa were susceptible and reached to fatality rate in
South Africa. The worst mining disaster in South Africa was exhibited in
In which there was a big disaster came in such
a way that entire mine in underground part was collapsed. It was caused by the disintegration
of pillars underground and supporting tunnel roofs. The bodies of mineworkers
were never recorded.
The other region included Kinross
gold mine in Evander, which was situated near Mpumalanga. An acetyl cylinder
was ignited in such a way sideways of mining tunnel were affected at worse rate,
and mineworkers choked to death. That was all because of toxic fumes from burning
of various plastics and other polyurethane dramatically but my health safety
inspectorate developed many protective measures to overcome such a drastic
problem
One hundred four deaths were
reported in Vaal Reefs Number near North West and considered worst accident.
Moreover, 64 mine workers were
reported to death at Hlobane Colliery near Vryheid due to the explosion of
methane gas and other combination of gases.
Injury
rate per region
South Africa is considered to be
developing the country, and middle-income countries of Europe are facing many
problems in mining. It has been accounted that many regions are severely
affected, especially middle-income countries. The main regions of occupational
injury include gold mining in sub-Saharan Africa, which is responsible for
small scale injuries. But it has been shown from 2011 to 2013 many injuries and
accidents are accounted in Ghanaian ASGM community. This community is
considered at potential risk factor of injury at high rate. Other regions
include Eastern Cape, Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern
Cape, and North West: Klerksdorp. Western Cape is also included which accounts
for huge rates of injuries in recent years
It has been estimated that injury rate was increased in past but from 2015 to 2018 rate of injuries and accidents has been recovered by the industrialization of mining of U.S. and South Africa. The most common type of injuries were laceration and burns due to sudden explosion of gases in which methane gas exhibit the highest rate. Contusions and abrasions are also reasons for injuries. In another region such as Ghana important gold producing companies are present, and mining operations in Ghana are not legal thus many injuries are co-exhibited due to small scale gold mining.
Accidents
classified through location
Almost every year a lot of mining
accident occurs in South Africa, which creates bad impact on the companies and
raises lots of questions on their safety and health rules and regulations. Here
we have the list and classification of mining accidents that occurred during
the past five years in South Africa.
In 2014, 67 mining incident was
recorded in South Africa while in 2015 the incidents recorded went down to 60
mining accidents. The locations where the incidents occurred are Johenusberg,
Cape Town, and Ghana, etc which were founded common every year. These are the
common classifications for which reasons the incidents occurred
In 2016, the number of incidents increased and went to 63, while in 2017 it further increased to 66 incidents of mining at tau Lekua mine and Kussalethu mine. In 2018,there was a 10% decrease in the incident, which were recorded slightly around 50 incidents.
Fatalities
rate of men in mining
Due to the incidents in the
sector of mining, many people lost their lives during these accidents which
included both men and women. Major fatalities and deaths were observed for men
as they were the worker working in mines. Here are the results of the
fatalities for the last few years for the fatalities for men, which were being
recorded.
In 2016, it was seen as the
lowest rate for the recorded fatalities, which were 73, and while in 2017 it
increased to 90 which was largely in the gold mines sector. It was recorded
that there was a 10% decrease in the fatalities recorded, which were close to
80, which were 40 in gold sector, 12 in platinum, 9 in coal, and remained 19
were in the others sector
Fatalities rate of women in
mining:
The fatality rate of women has
been increased in the past few years in South Africa in mining, due to the lack
of knowledge about the mining areas and its problems. In 2017, according to the
Annual Report of South Africa by Mine Health and Safety Incorporate3 women were
injured fatally as compared in 2016, because in 2016 one women was fatally
injured. This shows that fatality rate increase every year by 200%. But the
fatality of people working in mining Industry is very regrettable, ignoring the
gender.
Every worker even if it is a men
or women is important for the mining industry and their death is regrettable
because they are equally performing in every activity in the tough
circumstances during mining. According
to the report, the fatality rate of women in mining is higher in 2012, 2013 and
2017
Cause of fall of Ground
Incidents:
Many ground fall incidents occur
during mining in South Africa, some reasons and causes of the Ground fall
incidents include Occupational Safety, there is no occupational safety for the
workers that are in the mining industry. Most of the fall of ground incidents
occur due to the machinery and mobile equipments because they can fatal
sometimes, as heavy machinery and equipments are used in the mining and workers
are not taking any safety measures during the use of machinery. In the report
of 2017, 88 fatalities were reported.
And some of the ground fall incidents occur due to the natural hazards
including seismic events. Seismic events are most harmful for the people
working in mines because there is less chance of escape when a seismic activity
occurs. Two- disasters were occurred in South Africa, according to the report
of 2017. Some fall of ground incidents can be occur due to illegal mining,
because the activities occur in mines that are abandoned and are unsafe for the
people working in those areas. Illegal mining is dangerous from every
perspective. Hence, the use of machinery and mobile equipment, unsafe
occupational area and illegal mining are the cause of fall of ground incidents
Lack of Understanding of rock
mass:
The people working in mining
industry have lack of knowledge regarding the rock mass and due to this lack of
understanding of the rock mass many incidents occur. Most of the miners are
unaware about the rock type and they started carving on it and this results in
injury or might be death of the worker because a rock and fall and it is fatal
for the workers. Some geological engineers must visit and understand the rock
mass before any workers start mining and some rock mining machinery should also
be used. According to the report of 2017, many fatalities occur due to rock
burst in mining areas due to the lack of understanding of rock mass.
The fatality rate in 2016 is 24
and 2017 is 33 due to the rock burst. The biggest challenge in the mining
industry is the fatalities occurring due to the rock fall. The workers working
in the mining industry should have an understanding of the rock material and
rock mass. Geological engineers must carry out workshops for the mining workers
about the rock mass and rock type so that the workers will be more aware and
careful while mining.
Lack of roof surface control:
Roof surface control is one of
the most important factor in mining because roofs are dangerous for the workers
that are working in the mines. Unsafe roofs are fatal for the workers. Roof
bolting was started in the early 1950’s to protect the roofs from falling. But
as in South Africa there is lack of surface roof control. Roof bolting is one
of the basic ways to support the mine roofs. There is lack of roof surface
control in the mining areas of South Africa. It was found that the roof falls
occurred in the areas of South Africa where the rocks in the roof were found
less reliable and deadly because of the
rock mass, because the rock mass was less competent in the rock roof.
This all happened due to the lack
of understanding of rock mass. If they have the understanding of the rock mass
then they can be able to protect the roof by some more reliable bolting
methods. In the mining areas of South Africa there are less bolts installed in
the roofs. People of Africa have less understanding about the roof surface
control and due to these reasons they face fatalities and many lives are lost.
Low strength roofs in mines:
In the mining areas of South
Africa there are low strength roofs, the roofs are not bolted properly and the
bolts that re installed at space in the roofs, due to this the roofs are not
strong enough and fall causing some deaths and increase the fatality rate. The
rock mass of the roofs are weak and the proper bolting is not done in the roofs
having less competent rock mass. There is ineffective support of joints in the
roofs of mines. The roofs have been installed with island bolts and have
excessive spacing, island bolts are not strong enough to hold the roof for a
long time. When the roof start weathering after long time the island bolts
cannot support the roof and the roof will fall.
This is the reason that there are
low strength roofs found in the mine of South Africa. The roof systems are
improved and developed greatly in other parts of the world but in South Africa
the roof systems are not developed properly and by this inappropriate
management of roof system the roofs in South Africa are weak and have low
strengths. These systems need to be improved for the safety of workers working
in the mines
Scaling:
Scaling is one of the human
factors that is also fatal and has contributed in the ground fall incidents.
Scaling is the activity done by workers. This activity is done hand by using
some special tools of aluminum and steel. Scaling is done by workers to bar
down or to ware apart the loose materials form the walls or from the surface in
the mines.
Sometimes scaling leads to draw
large rocks from the walls and harm the workers performing these activities.
Scaling should be done on hard rocks because scaling on soft rocks will wear
apart the large rock materials which can be injurious to the workers. Scaling
and other human related activities are major cause of the ground fall
incidents. Mining has many dangerous activities and the workers working should
take proper safety measures while performing any mining activities.
Ineffective Handling of
Explosives:
In mining the explosives are used
to break down and loose rock materials from the walls and surface of the mines.
But explosives should be handled effectively otherwise they will be hazardous
for the people working there. Nowadays wide range of commercial explosives are
used in the mines but still they are harmful as they release enormous amount of
energy in the mines which results in the ground fall activities like rock fall
and roof fall. Explosives should be used in those areas that can bear the
pressure of the explosives and will not harm the mining operations bay falling
down the roofs and the rocks. So people does not know how to use the explosives
properly and they do not have proper guidance. These all problems lead to
ineffective handling of explosives
Roof bolting procedures:
Roof bolting procedures also lead
to ground fall activities because roof bolting includes the procedure like
drilling which will insert pressure on the roofs and will cause vibrations
which will start to loose the particles from the roof. In the bolting procedure
the hole in the roof is drilled about the length of 50-60 mm, this constant
drilling procedure will cause the particles to loose and the rocks might fall
from the roof or the roof can become weak because of the vibrations.
Roof bolting procedure include the handling of
the materials, setting a temporary support for the roof, tramming, traversing
and drilling these all procedures are dangerous and can lead to ground fall
activities. By operating roof bolting machinery underground many risk factors
can occur and it leads to severe incidents. Some safety measures and procedure
should be carried out while performing bolting procedures.
Drilling in mines of Mining
Sector in South Africa
Drilling is one of the major
factors that cause ground fall incidents. Because when performing drilling in
different parts of the mines, heavy machineries’ are sometimes used to drill
and some light drilling machines are used. So, the use of these machineries in
mining is very dangerous as these large machineries lead to rock fall and roof
fall and can cause harmful effects to the workers working there and using the
machineries. Drilling is a human and machinery activity, the incidents caused
by drilling has effect on the humans as well as the machineries because large
rock falls can destroy machinery as well and can cause injuries to the workers
as well. Drilling is also a dangerous activities performed in mining and these
activities lead to hazardous situations. There are many activities that cause incidents
in the mines and these activities include drilling, traversing, use of
machineries.
Possible Solutions
There are many possible solutions
that can be applied and used while performing mining activities. Some of the
possible solutions that the workers working in mines should get more knowledge
about the mining activities and proper workshops should be conducted by
geological engineers and experts so that they can have more knowledge about the
machineries and they can perform activities more carefully. They should have
the knowledge about how to take care of themselves and how to take
precautionary measure while working in mines, because working in mines is a
dangerous activity and is very fatal for the workers.
So, proper health and safety tips should be provided to the workers o
that they can used these measure and can be safe while working because safety
is one of the most important factor while working, occupation safety in the
working environment is more important for workers to work comfortably and
safely without any fear. And better understanding of the machinery and the
rocks structure and bolder procedures should be given to the workers only by
this the workers can understand the mining procedures properly and can perform
their activities more safely and diligently.
Use of Mechanical Bolters:
The technology has become so
advanced that now the use of mechanical bolters have been started in different
mining operations. Some advance machineries like Sandvik DM300 and Sandvik
DM110 are used in the mining operations because these machineries have provided
so much facilities in the mining industries. These machineries are independent
and can perform their functions on their own. These machineries are used to
install the support to the roofs and ribs and are used to install bolters with
the correct spacing’s in the roofs of the mines. These machineries have
multiple degrees of movements and can perform their tasks flexibly and more
easily.
These are versatile tools and
help to install the bolters more quickly.
These machineries have high capacity to work and these are more
efficient. They install the roof bolts in underground mines and also in mines that
have soft rock mass because installing bolts is difficult in soft mineral mines
but these machineries can install these bolts very easily without any
destruction and danger. Many models of Sandvik are used in different mining
operations in the world. One of the solution of these problems is to use the
mechanical bolters.
Better understanding of the rock
mass:
If we provide a better
understanding of the rock mass to the miners they can work more safely and can
carry out their mining operations more effectively. Because rock mass have
different types some rocks are igneous, some are metamorphic and some are
sedimentary rocks. Each rock type has different features and their requirements
to handle are different. So the geological engineers should visit the mining
site so that they can identify the rock types and by identifying the rock types
we can perform mining activities more easily.
Geological Engineers and experts
should carry out workshops for the miners for their better understanding of the
rock material. Our first duty is to give knowledge to the miners so that they
can understand every condition and carry out activities according to the
understanding. Every miner should have the knowledge about the rock types and
what kind of machinery should be used for that specific rock type. The solution
of the problem is to give miners a better understanding about each and every
mining tip.
Utilizing roof surface control technology of Mining Sector in South Africa
One of the major causes of
underground mining is the rock and roof falls. A study on roof instability
examined that around 11,600 reportable noninjury roof falls occurred from1999
to 2008 in room-and-pillar operations. An average of 1160 falls was reported
per year during this study. The basic solution to prevent these accidents is
carried out during the preparation of mining layout designs, and constant
monitoring of the rock faces is required as well. Some of the solutions include
rock bolting and pillar recovery as well as roof surface technology. It is
estimated that due to the introduction of roof technology it is the goal to
reduce the injuries by ground and roof support system failures by 25% within five
years. Companies such Fletcher, JOY, Hilti, and Orica are the forefront in
producing a range of such solutions.
Some of the major types of technology include Automated Temporary Roof Support (ATRS) and Mobile roof Supports (MRS). The mining program has made enormous advancements in the field of mining by developing methodologies and practices for utilizing modules to provide temporary roof support to the workers and provide a safer environment for them to work in the mines.
Minimizing
scaling of Mining Sector in South Africa
Scaling is mainly described as
the removal of loose rock from the roofs and walls of mine by manual or
machines. It is also described as a labor-intensive task, and mechanical means
are too powerful to produce a less stable roof. A study showed in South Africa
government that nearly quarter of fatalities were due to rock falls, and
approximately one-third involved scaling and also showed that half of the
miners had experienced less than three years. This implies the effects of
scaling and lower training of the workers.
Therefore minimizing the scaling
is most appropriate way but it is very careful to way to fit into issues.it is
more important to focus on big projects, and many application is needed to work
for it on larger scale for minimizing the scaling. No doubt, laborious work is
seen for reducing the scaling, but working as appropriate mining principles,
the project can be successful for maintaining specific plan. Therefore, major
evaluation is needed to work for loose rocks that fall from the walls. Higher
priority is needed to improve analytical designs, and many innovative
techniques for underground mines are required, and structural development is
also needed to avoid death rates. Designing of mine ventilate stoppings and
improves mine safety should be provided by mining programs of government.
Conducting
hazard training of Mining Sector in South Africa
The workers are exposed to coal
dust, Noise, whole-body vibration, and UV rays and many more hence they require
greater training and safety. The training is required for both the before the
accident, and after the accident, so they know how to respond to the
circumstances when they face it. They must be trained to identify the hazard
and risk. Moreover they must be able to analyze the undesirable situation and
act upon it. It is required by OSHA to complete safety training to train them
on how to identify health and safety hazards and able to minimize accidents and
injuries.
Due to immense danger it is more
important for them to be trained compared to other professions, a study showed
a data that half of the miners had taken training over the last few years
compared with just one in six people in other sectors. The most common answer
given by the miners was to improve their current skillset. The training includes
risk assessment, hazard identification, risk control, which ensures that they
are able react in the best way to save them as well as the lives of their
respective colleagues. This would surely help in bringing down the fatalities
count as well.
Implementing
critical safety procedures of Mining Sector in South Africa
Working in the mines is a dangerous
business. Every year many accidents or workers get stuck in mines take place either
by the ignorance of the safety procedures, roof falls or other natural causes. An
accident at a coal mine in China took 22 lives. With the introduction of strict
safety laws and protocol as well as improvement in safety equipment, the
industry has seen some drop in its fatalities overtime.
Although zero harm has not yet been achieved,
and it would be really difficult to achieve that goal, but the authorities are
trying hard to reduce the accidents by implementing critical safety rules
Don’t ignore the danger
Tasks require planning and
communication
Workers need professional
training
Require to wear safety equipment
Follow the safety standards
Supervising of worker and tasks
Study of rock mass failure mechanics
Investigation of any strange
thing happening around
Hazard investigation
It is really necessary to follow
these procedures or rules to keep your time in mines trouble-free and provide
safer environment.
Conclusion
& recommendations of Mining Sector in South Africa
According to 2018 there is ten
percent decrease are shown in fatalities as compared to 2017. This information
is explored by South African department of mineral resources. There is no change in gold operations regards
to the fatalities because in both years the death of people is 40 but at other
operations it is changed to 82 percent from eleven to twenty. Total fatalities
in all the operations fell down year to year from ninety and eighty one it is
great improvement in ten percent and fifty percent coal and platinum sectors.
The death rate before than this year was 100 percent which is fell down to
eighty one percent which is a very major changes occurs in the lives of
occupational fatalities rate in present year than .
In 2016 it was the lowest rate which was seventy three death which was 90 before 2016 but in some mining industries there is no changes occurred regards to fatalities rate in mining industries which includes gold mining. There are many goals are setting for the next to eradicate the fatalities of occupation in the industry the whole is called as zero harm for the 2020. This explores that in 2020 there is no fatalities in the sector of mining in South Africa which is not easy to do but which needs important steps and efforts to make this goal possible for the occupational person because their lives are also very important for the mining industry because they work consistently without fear of losing their life. Mineral council SA states that from 1994 to the 2016 there is visible change in the fatalities rate which is almost 86%. It is become possible due to common effort and together work of many person which results in a visible output in decline of fatalities rate in South African mining industries.
References of Mining Sector in South Africa
Adler,
R. A., et al. "Water, mining, and waste: an historical and economic
perspective on conflict management in South Africa." The economics of
peace and security journal (2007).
Alexander, P. "Rebellion
of the poor: South Africa's service delivery protests–a preliminary analysis.
Review of African political economy,." Review of African political
economy (2010): 25-40.
Bonsu, J., et al. "A
systemic study of mining accident causality: an analysis of 91 mining accidents
from a platinum mine in South Africa." Journal of the Southern African
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, (2017): 59-66.
Coovadia, H., et al. "The
health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public
health challenges. ." The Lancet (2009): 817-834.
Harris, J., et al.
"omparative analysis of coal fatalities in Australia, South Africa,
India, China and USA,2006-2010." omparative analysis of coal fatalities
in Australia, South Africa, India, China and USA,2006-2010 (2014).
J. Bonsu, W. Van Dyk,, J. P.
Franzidis , F. Petersen and A. Isafiade. " A systems approach to mining
safety: an application of the Swiss Cheese Model. ." Journal of the
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (2016): 776-784.
Lim, M. S., et al.
"Unnatural deaths in South African platinum miners,1992–2008." PloS
one (2011): e22807.
Long, R., K. Sun and R.
Neitzel. "Injury risk factors in a small-scale gold mining community in
Ghana’s Upper East Region." International journal of environmental research
and public health (2015): 8744-8761.
Marais, H. "South Africa
pushed to the limit: The political economy of change. Zed Books Ltd." South
Africa pushed to the limit: The political economy of change. Zed Books Ltd.
(2013).
Patterson, J. M. and S. A. Shappell.
"Operator error and system deficiencies: analysis of 508 mining
incidents and accidents from Queensland, Australia using HFACS." Accident
Analysis & Prevention (2010): 1379-1385.
Sacollierymanagers.org.za. "SOUTH AFRICAN MINING
INDUSTRY JOURNEY TO ZERO HARM 2003 - 2013." 2013. www.sacollierymanagers.org.za.
<http://www.sacollierymanagers.org.za/docs/MHSC_-_Journey_to_Zero_Harm__A5_Handbookprintdraft_v5_Final_Final.pdf>.
Sandham, L. A., F. Van Der
Vyver and F. P. Retief. "The performance of environmental impact
assessment in the explosives manufacturing industry in South Africa." Journal
of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, (2013).
Shen, B. "Coal mine
roadway stability in soft rock: a case study." Rock Mechanics and Rock
Engineering, (2014): 2225-2238.
Teleka, S. R., J. J. Green and
S. Brink. "The automation of the" making safe" process in
South African hard-rock underground mine." The automation of the"
making safe" process in South African hard-rock underground mine.
(2011).
Twala, C. "The Marikana
Massacre: a historical overview of the labour unrest in the mining sector in
South Africa." Southern African Peace and Security Studies (2012):
61-67.
Ural, S. and S. Demirkol.
"Evaluation of occupational safety and health in surface mines." Safety
Science (2008): 1016-1024.
Discuss your homework for free! Start chat
