Investigate and report on NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association.

NACHA is abbreviation of the national automated clearing house association that is dedicated to devising new laws and rules and provide enforcement when dealing with the electronic payments as well as transactions for the automated clearing houses and business practices across the regions of United States since late 1960s. The payment system provides the transactions for the use of direct deposit payroll, consumer bills, and tax refunds. The first automated clearing house operated by Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco was created in 1972. The California automated clearing house association was formed in 1972 and then two years later, ACH association was formed. In 1974, the associations came together and formed NACHA. In present, during 2018, the NACHA announced that they acquired Business Payments Directory Association. In earlier years, the association is working to discover the financial services for the block chain technology (Nacha. org, 2018).  NACHA is providing several association service programs that include annual hosting of faster and smarter services. The services also include payment conference and the payment institute that offer programs for accredited ACH professionals and accredited payment risk professional certifications. The other NACHA certificated programs for the operation process and third-party senders is called elevation that is consulting program for the users. NACHA as an organization establishes the rules and standards that are further followed by the financial institutions for the transferring of payments. NACHA is using volante technologies as a preferred partner that accelerate payment processing and integration. The strategic efforts of NACHA are based on the selected group of innovators and it contribute for the strategic efforts in the ecosystem of payment. The volante technologies were announced as a preferred partner of NACHA and were selected as a standard payment ecosystem. The robust use of payment application for the business and financial institutions was applied to solve the electronic payment challenges faced by the stakeholders of industry (Nacha. org, 2018).   

Task 2: Based on Chapter 6: Google Search Algorithm

The search algorithm is a step by step process that is used to locate the specific data in the huge data collection within data structure. The search algorithm is considered as a fundamental process for the computing process. The search process involve method to look for any entry in the database. The search algorithm of google is based on the automated programs known as crawlers and spiders. Google consist of large index of keywords that enable to determine the search results. Google use PageRank as a trademarked algorithm that assign each web page based on relevancy score (Urbanelement. com, 2017).  The history of google algorithm shows that google changes the search algorithm on a frequent basis. In 2018, google changed algorithm and reported an incredible update of 3,234 updates. General analysis shows that google rolls out 500 to 600 changes to its search algorithm per year. The changes in the algorithm are average and minor. In case of major updates and changes in algorithm are conservative with its changes.  Google use updating algorithms and improves the method of searching the data and change in the algorithm have no significant impact on the search results, but it accelerates the process of searching the data (Beel & Gipp, 2009). The critical algorithm shows that organizations can monitor private activities of employees in different ways. The new methods can be applied by adapting the new software designs. The new methods and algorithms automatically identify the need of companies and searches are used to measure the optimal offers. The policies of companies search for the algorithms and marketing campaigns. The crawler method is used mainly in the search engine and all the search engines use their own set of algorithms and results are different for all algorithms (Farrell & Weideman, 2014; Beel & Gipp, 2009).

Task 3: Based on Chapter 10 & Chapter 12. (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

The customer relationship management (CRM) system helps in managing the customer data and it provide support in delivering the actionable insights, sales management, communication team, and integrate the social medial services. The CRM process involves the strategies and activities that companies use to manage the interaction between potential as well as current customers (Souri & Asghari, 2017). The cloud-based CRM system offer access to the ecosystem and mobility. The CRM system manage the relationship of company and it improves the business relationship. There are two main types of CRM system in the business including on-premise CRM software and cloud-based CRM system. In the cloud CRM system, the CRM tools, CRM software, and organizations customer data resides in the cloud and the services are delivered to the end users through the internet. The cloud-based CRM system is grown to become a strong platform to maintain the customer relationship in the business. The best advantage of cloud-based CRM system is to make the business more interacting, up to date, accessible, and to solve the specific problem (Sentance, 2018). The CRM system allow to solve different specific problems related to the client relationship cycle and customer services. The focus of CRM system is on the customer retention and drive the sales growth.  The cloud-based CRM system store all the data on cloud server, and it contain remote server to operate in the hosting company. The CRM system handles all the updates and software installation. The benefits of using cloud-based CRM system are listed below,

1)      Accessible at any time from any location.

2)      Affordable services for the companies particularly for the small businesses.

3)      Painless as well as quick to deploy

4)      It is easy to upgrade the services

5)      Easy to scale down and scale up for the users and companies

6)      The cloud based CRM system is capable of integrating data from different sources.

Task 4: Based on Chapter 5 : Biometrics and Biosecurity (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

Biometry can be described as an application for the statistical analysis of the biological data. Biometrics is a measurement as well as statistical analysis of people’s unique behavioural and physical characteristics. The state of art technology is mainly used in the process to identify and access the control for the identification of individuals under surveillance. Biometric verification is a use of biometrics in which a person can be uniquely identified by evaluating the person and they can distinguish biological traits. The unique identifiers include hand geometry, finger prints, retina and iris patterns, signatures, DNA, earlobe geometry, and voice waves. The examples of biometrics consider the behavioural characteristics and it is related to behaviour of person. The most common use of biometric is in the employee identification and it consider the voice patterns, faces, finger veins, finger prints, and palm veins.

Biosecurity can be defined as measures and procedures designed to protect the population against the harmful biochemical and biological substances (Stringfellow, Givens, & Waldrop, 2004). The biosecurity system manages the risk and prevent it from the harmful organisms such as diseases and pests. The biosecurity system helps to protect human health, economy, environment, cultural values, and range of social values. Biosecurity is a series of measures that protect it against spreading diseases and pests (Fao. org, 2019). The original definition of biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures that designed to reduce the risk of infections and transmission of diseases in livestock and crops, living modified organisms, and invasive alien species. The hazards associated with this process can induce impact and influence on the basic research outcomes and clinical proficiency. The major issues in the process are related to the environmental changes as they can be related to the emergence of biohazards and it implement the biosecurity measures (Stringfellow, Givens, & Waldrop, 2004). The improvement of management is necessary to overcome the personnel issues and root causes by establishing the biosafety issues.

Task 5: ICT and Social Issues (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

The information communication technology IICT) has strong power in society and it can transform the society. ICT have significant role in the United Nations and produce sustainable development goals that can be achieved according to the requirements. ICT enables the financial inclusion by allowing the people to be connected through m-commerce (Ericsson. com, 2019; Schubert, Munro, Harnmond, & Dagiene, 2002).

1)  Google has a jerk for all the trades and provide answers to the questions on internet. The ICT can be customized to address the particular needs of users to learn and communicate the programs.

2)  The literacy skills are becoming worse in the society as students are spending less time for writing and reading time (Schubert, Munro, Harnmond, & Dagiene, 2002).

The details of social issues are listed below,

1) Intellectual property rights: The issue is becoming big concern in the music industry regarding the illegal copying. The musicians in the past have lost about billions due to tube platform.

2) Isolation: People are becoming socially isolated due to increasing tendency of downloading movies.

3) Immorality: The moral fiber is becoming eroded by using ICT in the entertainment it also causes more exposure to the porn sites and child pornography (Schubert, Munro, Harnmond, & Dagiene, 2002).

4)  Loss of values for one culture: The cause of loss in the values of culture is more use of ICT and immense exposure to the western cultures. The African cultures are more trying to emulate the western culture.

5)  Time wastage: The games are making less advantages when it comes to use time.

6)  Health issues: The use of ICT on high rate induces impact on the heath of the users. For instance, the constant use of eyes, wrists, and thumbs can cause problems such as eyes strains, physical issues, and RSI (Bosamia, 2013).  

Task 6 : Define the following terms as applied to information technology/ICT.

1. Digital government (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

Digital government can be defined as a production and delivery of information inside the government. It also includes delivery of services between government and public by using number of methods based on range of information as well as communication technologies. Digital government is the latest catch phrase that based on the customized strategies (Fountain, 2004; Oecd. org, 2019).

2. Privacy (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

Privacy is a state in which one of the people is not observed and disturbed by the other people around him. The state is being free from the public attention. The second definition of privacy is the ability of group member and individuals.  

3. Compliance as related to technology (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

The compliance framework is mainly a set that is structured under the guidelines that details the process of organization. This process is about maintenance of organization in accordance to established regulations, legislation, and specifications (Refinitiv. com, 2018).  

4. Digital systems (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

The digital system can be defined as system that stores data in a discrete way. The system is opposite to the analogue system as it stores the data in a continuous way. The digital system stores the information in a binary way and every bit of information have values that are either zero or one. The digital system is designed to store, process, and communicate the information in the digital form (Bello, 2019).

5. ICT security controls (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

The ICT security controls are the countermeasures and safeguards that can be avoided to detect, minimize, counteract, and reduce the security risk. The system can be used to classify the information.

6.  Governance. (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

Governance is the matter and process that can is used to measure the responsiveness of system.

7. Sustainability (NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association)

Sustainably is an ability to maintain the process at certain level and rate. The process is designed to avoid depletion of natural resources and to maintain the ecological balance.

References of NACHA, National Automated Clearing House Association

Beel, J., & Gipp, B. (2009). Google Scholar's Ranking Algorithm: An Introductory Overview. Conference Paper, 01(01), 01-10.

Bello, J. P. (2019). Introduction to digital systems . Retrieved from www.nyu.edu: https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bello/FMT_files/7_digital.pdf

Bosamia, M. (2013). Positive and Negative Impacts of Information and Communication Technology in our Everyday Life. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Knowledge Creation in Higher Education : CANADA & INDIA , 01-10.

Ericsson. com. (2019). The social impact of ICT. Retrieved from www.ericsson.com: https://www.ericsson.com/en/trends-and-insights/networked-society-insights/social-business/social-impact-of-ict

Fao. org. (2019). Introduction to Biosecurity. Retrieved from www.fao.org: http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/

Farrell, J., & Weideman, M. (2014). Using past search engine algorithm updates to predict future trends. Working paper, 01(01), 01-07.

Fountain, J. E. (2004). Digital Government and Public Health. Prev Chronic Dis., 01(04), 01-10.

Nacha. org. (2018, 04 24). Nacha Announces Volante Technologies as a Preferred Partner for Accelerated Payments Integration and Processing. Retrieved from www.nacha.org: https://www.nacha.org/news/nacha-announces-volante-technologies-preferred-partner-accelerated-payments-integration-and

Oecd. org. (2019). Strengthening Digital Government. Retrieved from www.oecd.org: https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/strengthening-digital-government.pdf

Refinitiv. com. (2018, 05 04). Compliance technology changing the face of compliance. Retrieved from www.refinitiv.com: https://www.refinitiv.com/perspectives/regulation-risk-compliance/compliance-technology-helping-change-the-face-of-compliance/

Schubert, S., Munro, R., Harnmond, M., & Dagiene, V. (2002). Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT. Springer. Retrieved from link.springer.com: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-0-387-35596-2_86.pdf

Sentance, R. (2018, 08 20). Cloud-based CRM systems – What are the benefits? Retrieved from econsultancy.com: https://econsultancy.com/cloud-based-crm-systems-what-are-the-benefits/

Souri, A., & Asghari, P. (2017). Software as a service based CRM providers in the cloud computing: Challenges and technical issues. Service based CRM, 01(01), 01-10.

Stringfellow, D., Givens, M., & Waldrop, J. (2004). Biosecurity issues associated with current and emerging embryo technologies. Reprod Fertil Dev., 16(01), 93-102.

Urbanelement. com. (2017, 11 21). How Google Search Algorithm Updates Affect Your Business. Retrieved from www.urbanelement.com: https://www.urbanelement.com/insights/how-google-search-algorithm-updates-affect-your-business