Power Generation of Exploring Factors Influencing Delays on Wastewater Projects in Oman

In most recent times in the United States, the usage of wastewater has been considered an important source of energy, and its use has been incorporated in the process of getting renewable energy by producing electricity with the help of geothermal power plants. The long pipelines are pumped by treated wastewater which is then transported into geothermal geysers fields, where there are specially designed wells and water is distributed to these wells, and then its injection is made into reservoirs; then steam is produced by heating the water, and this steam is tapped in the production wells, and turbines are supplied with this steam for the generation of electricity. In the United States, the electric power generation is made by geothermal energy, which is then directly utilized for various purposes. The stats have shown that 3,064 MWe the electric power generation’s installed capacity, and amount of operational electricity is 2,212 MWe only, which happens because Geyser Geothermal Field of California has been reduced in capacity, and approximate per year generation for electricity is 16,000 GWh (Goyal and Conant, 2010).

There are various high energy compounds such as carbohydrates as organic materials, which are concentrated in the wastewater. This contained chemical energy in wastewater has been used by Novel research with Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) to produce electrical power. The technology used by MFC has been found to put radical & positive effects as it can provide energy to various industries around the world. The technology of producing energy through wastewater is a great one in so many ways as it can produce enough energy to satisfy the needs. In addition to that energy produced from wastewater will be great to achieve various environmental objectives (Du et al., 2010).

The other option for generating energy is bioelectricity generation with the help of chamber membrane free microbial fuel cells. Moreover, the water flows and treated wastewater is also used to produce hydroelectric energy. The generators used in this process are able to capture the energy from water flows, which are going through the pipes. The generator and hydroelectric turbine are attached to each other, and turbines rotational energy is converted into electrical energy (NSW, 2010). An estimation has been made that energy produced with the help of wastewater can satisfy the needs of 100 million population in the United States, which is a huge number in so many ways (Du et al., 2010).

          There are various energy resources, which has been recognized in recent times, and wastewater is one of them. In the United States, it has been part of the geothermal powerplants as a renewable energy resource for the production of electricity. The long pipelines are pumped by treated wastewater which is then transported into geothermal geysers fields, where there are specially designed wells and water is distributed to these wells, and then its injection is made into reservoirs; then steam is produced by heating the water, and this steam is tapped in the production wells, and turbines are supplied with this steam for the generation of electricity (Goyal and Conant, 2010). There are various high energy compounds such as carbohydrates as organic materials, which are concentrated in the wastewater. This contained chemical energy in wastewater has been used by Novel research with Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) to produce electrical power. The technology used by MFC has been found to put radical& positive effects as it can provide energy to various industries around the world (Du et al., 20007). Moreover, the water flows and treated wastewater is also used to produce hydroelectric energy. The generators used in this process are able to capture the energy from water flows, which are going through the pipes. The generator and hydroelectric turbine are attached to each other, and turbines rotational energy is converted into electrical energy (NSW, 2012).

The water stress has been increasing all over the world, so wastewater is being used for many potable purposes, and this use is increasing with the passage of time so that there is good enough supply of fresh water as well as protection of natural sources for fresh drinking water. There are two primary types of reuse of wastewater with regards to potable purposes in different parts of the world; one is called direct and other is called indirect potable reuse. The drinking water is attributed as direct potable reuse of the treated wastewater and in this process, the quality of treated wastewater is high as it has to be included in the distribution system directly for drinking usage. There can be various examples of this direct use, and one comes from Namibia, where there is Windhoek Plant, where recycled water of 25% is diluted with the water, which is a natural resource for direct usage. This water comes with high quality and that’s why it has never been reported that such water supply has been injurious to human health. On the other hand, indirect reuse of wastewater may be intentional or unintentional, but in both terms, it is reached to receiving the body of some sort.

Community Management  of Exploring Factors Influencing Delays on Wastewater Projects in Oman

The group of people in the board is capable to guarantee that the water treatment plant is well oversee, for example, leveled out and well work thus produce quality water. The water treatment plants should be screen since it is created by a machine and programmed run. The administrator is expected to screen and directed the machine tasks. The management will compose the dependable staff on obligation. A calendar of support is set up to manage the exhibition of water treatment plant. The administrator must be all day working for controlling and working the water treatment machine.

2.5 Industrial Reuses of Exploring Factors Influencing Delays on Wastewater Projects in Oman

It is a fact that various kinds of consumption by a human being are constantly increasing with the passage of time, and to makes sure that demand is satisfied with enough supply, different industries are enlarging their size by expanding and they are also coming with diversity in products to meet demands. The stats revealed that out of 100%, the water consumed by different industries of the world is 10%. The way demand is increasing, it is expected that water consumption by industries will also quickly increase with time, and this increase will be more in numbers in developing world because their population is growing but supply is not good enough. There are so many industries, which need a huge quantity of water such as oil, gasoline, chemicals, paper products, wood products, metal products industries. All of these products use water at a certain stage of production or manufacturing. There are different purposes of industries are served by using the water such as transporting, incorporating, cooling, diluting, washing, processing, as well as fabricating products, as these processes are required during the manufacturing activities (Angelakis and Bontoux, 2001).

The reclaimed water usage has been observed to gradually increase in recent years across Europe as well as the United States because industrial usage is also coming with so much diversity. In the industrial and manufacturing process, the largest use of treated water is cooling in the United States. The industries are taking the use of reclaimed water into consideration as it is beneficial in so many ways. The power facilities’ demand for reuse water is huge as it is used in various processes. There is a number of processes for using reclaimed water as it is used in production facilities, paper mills, pulp, metalwork, chemical plants as well as petroleum refineries. There are many other industries, which have to use water in their industrial processes and one prominent industry is the gravel and laundry washing operation etc (Miller, 2006).

According to the research, it is conducted by the Sampathkumar & et.al (2014), a setup to distill the rich water and introduced additional surfaces in the bowl as blades, sawdust, dark elastic, sand, rock, and wipes. They found that with the extra surfaces the dissipation rate expanded by 53% as contrasted and the conventional single incline sun oriented still. Creator assessed the inward heat exchange coefficients of a profound basin hybrid (PV/T) dynamic sun based still ), dependent on outside exploratory perception of half breed (PV/T) sun oriented still for composite atmosphere of New Delhi they assessed the interior warmth exchange coefficients by utilizing warm models developed through different scientists and contrasted the outcome and trial perceptions and made a conclusion that, author show KTM preferred to approve the outcomes over the others demonstrate. The average annual estimations of convective warmth exchange coefficient for the inactive and half breed (PV/T) dynamic sun oriented still were seen as 0.78 and 2.41W/m2-K, separately at 0.05 m water profundity. The author planned sunlight based still which kept up a vacuum in the vanishing chamber, abusing the regular gravity law and the barometric weight head and built up a model. They exhibited the connection between's the expectations made by the hypothetical model with the deliberate execution information and created a yield of 7.5L/m2 – the day of vanishing zone utilizing direct sun-powered vitality alone. With the expansion of (PV/T) board of 6m 2 region, the framework delivered 12L/m2 – the day of crisp water at an effectiveness scope of 65% to 90%. The normal particular vitality feed was ascertained as 2930 kJ/Kg of new water. Author altered customary detached sunlight based still by including a level plate gatherer and revealed a 36% expansion in efficiency. (Sampathkumar & et.al, 2014)

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Sampathkumar, K. & et.al, 2014. Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, p. 1503–1526.

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