It can be seen that sustainability is one of the most important concern in the water sector for providing proper continuity service. The reason is that there is only sustainable water sector that has the ability to provide reliable services to the customers and are able to satisfy their customers. Basically, the concept of sustainability is taken from the existing resources and for the future developing different resources. The term sustainability is one of the most common and general term that can be used for a different perspective, and it is explained in the Water Environment Research Foundation. (WERF, 2007).  That includes the ability of such business through which it will become extremely easy to work in such an environment. According to this, there are different definitions of sustainability has been raised. This can be explained with the help of an example that the United Nation Environment Commission is involved in giving proper information related to sustainability. “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland, 1987). This definition is one of the most important that helps to open doors for many sectors. The most basic part of this definition is to give an idea about the environmental resources that can be used for the future generation. (Edward, 2010).

The world population has been increased, and according to this population, the development also increased. For this development, there is also a need for fresh water. The fresh water will become extremely rare due to this increase in the development process. According to this process, there is a need to maintain water resource for the present and also for the future. Due to this reason, it is extremely important to adopt this kind of approach of sustainability because through this; it will become extremely easy to save water for the future. It can be seen that the sustainability issues in the water sector are extremely high and critical; the reason is that this resource is one of the most important resources for the world.

Also, it has a huge impact on other development sectors. This resource will damage the economic and social life of the system. Therefore, there are different challenges that are faced by water as they have repaired, expand and maintain the water network system, so due to this, there will be potable water to the customers. These challenges are increased as the number of factors are increased like the population of the world, changes in the climate, environmental concerns, high development aging water infrastructure, and another basis environmental concern. Moreover, it is more clear too many water utilities that there is a need to make a new approach for controlling the water system operations that will help to maintain a sustainable environment for the future. This system must have the ability to meet the present need for water. (Herrick & Pratt, 2013).

Mays (2009) he is involved in the present different requirement for reaching the water sustainability level. According to the information, these requirements include the need for water for the ecosystem and human health. Renewability of different water resources, the low-quality standard of water and in the last, there is an effective need for water planning and decision making by different democratic factors. But there are some conflicts that are becoming a hurdle in the field of water managing that include all important contracts between the consultant and their clients like a financial obligation that include the time of payments. There are also some conflicts like the extension of contracts and their important payments. There is a need for effective water planning for the future.

It can be seen that the principle of sustainability contains three basic aspects like social, environmental and economic. All of this framework are involved in formulating sustainability and create a perfect link between them. All important definitions of sustainability are important and addressing these aspects in a proper way. It is not good to explain sustainability from a single aspect and ignore all others (there is not a single doubt that the economic aspect of sustainability is not considered for ecological and social aspects). There are some organizations that are working on minimizing the important challenge of water sustainability and give important recommendations for such issues. (Herrick & Pratt, 2013).

For achieving the sustainable water sector level, it is extremely difficult to reach the target easily. The main reason is that there are more efforts are required for achieving this target. This is one of the most important responsibilities of the government that they must have to focus on maintaining the water sustainable for all customers. Due to this, there will be proper availability of water for the independent sector. Through this service, they can be easily able to avail this service at affordable prices. The main question is that what is the sustainability of water means? It means that to provide proper water service to all customers so that there will be proper quality water to the customers in affordable prices to their customers by taking in account the integration factor between the social aspects, environmental, social aspects and environmental. (Mays, 2006).

Juwana et al., (2010) He is involved in developing a proper water sustainable index by the conceptual framework. In this framework, there are different important components and indicators that are involved in considering important issues related to water. There are some other concepts that are involved in giving proper information related to this sustainability problem of water. He was involved in improving the water sustainability problem and improved it in a proper way for the water sector. But there is a problem in the sustainability sector, and it is extremely difficult to meet the target level. For achieving the required objective for the sustainability of water, there is a need for the perfect water system. Through this, it will become extremely easy for reaching this efficient target. Syme & Nancarrow (2006). This author is involved in giving an idea about sustainability through water reforms. These reforms are involved in creating stability in the environment for a long time and also providing important improvement in the economic system of the country.

. The common discernment (particularly in creating nations) is that the legislature is obliged to give water benefits openly or with ease, which does not ration or regard the water asset (Ojo, 2011). On the off chance that water is accommodated free, at that point, the water utilities don't have adequate accounts to give the administration. Thus, the supplier can't keep up the framework, and henceforth the nature of administrations will drop down. In the long run, the framework crumples, and individuals must choose the option to drink dangerous water or pay over the top measures of cash to get water, while affluent and powerful individuals get channeled water legitimately into their homes at sponsored rates. Consequently, the water without for strategy regularly results in incredible and rich individuals getting water efficiently while destitute individuals purchase water at too many high rates or drink defiled water. Henceforth water evaluating is a significant instrument to break the endless loop of the "free water situation." However, how high should the cost be? (Savenije & Zaag, 2002).

For the most part, the water cost in many creating nations does not mirror the real expense of the administration because of the low degree of water levies, and therefore there is an absence of budgetary manageability. The overarching discernment about water administration ought to be remedied and coordinated in the correct way. Arrangement of water administration unreservedly or with ease is not saved or regarded. There has been significant perplexity to the non-business analyst, what the announcement 'water as a monetary decent'. The contradiction among water experts and different nations is the expense to be recuperated. On a fundamental level, a considerable lot of mechanical nations like the UK attempted to recuperate the water administration cost from a long time due to the industrialized economy while in many creating nations like Oman need to work cooperatively to configuration fitting water duty that matches their needs.

Moreover, water must be considered as more than financial great, sharing water is a moral basic just as a declaration of human character and solidarity (Castro, 2013). Alternately, regarding water as a social decent as in the past will decrease client attention to water shortage, just as increment water utilization. Subsequently, progressively money related speculations will be required for inclusion extension and to keep up the current one (Elnaboulsi, 2009).

Al Amarah (2010) said that "the idea of water as a monetary decent (money saving advantage) will affect the supportable vocation of needy individuals since their reasonableness to verify water for drinking and nourishment creation low, and the social reasonableness requires partner this idea with essential human and water rights, which ought to be reflected at arrangement and the board levels. To maintain a strategic distance from confusion over this idea there is a need to recognize plainly among esteeming and charging for water. The estimation of water in elective uses is significant for the levelheaded designation of water as a rare asset (utilizing the "open door cost" idea), regardless of whether by administrative or monetary methods. Charging for water is applying a monetary instrument to influence conduct towards the preservation and productive water use, to give motivating forces to request the board, guarantee cost recuperation and to flag shoppers' eagerness to pay for extra interests in water administrations". The idea of water as a decent financial mirror is the estimation of water to clients and their ability to pay for it. Fundamentally, regarding water as a monetary decent is basic to accomplish cost recuperation and to utilize water (Yuling and Lein, 2010).

As indicated by Wichelns (2013), the normal referred to an objective when talking about water estimating issues look to productivity, value, and maintainability. Proper water valuing can impart the appropriate expenses and shortage conditions in a manner that rouses the client to use the water in a powerful manner. Howarth (2009) report that "productive water estimating arrangements that will affect water request, sending the correct value sign to water clients and giving an unmistakable impetus to clients to improve the proficiency of water use and to decrease water contamination". Monetary maintainability is accomplished when the administration salary is adequate to cover the yearly uses of O&M costs, and the fixed expenses of water conveyance framework, including the devaluation, substitution, restorations, and administration development. This can't occur without the successful administration of the water framework, which guarantees the congruity of water administration after some time (Wichelns, 2013).

2.12 Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Oman

In the Sultanate of Oman, the majority of cities use septic and holding tanks to collect sewage water from residential areas. The world population has been increased, and according to this population, the development also increased. For this development, there is also a need for fresh water. The fresh water will become extremely rare due to this increase in the development process. According to this process, there is a need to maintain water resource for the present and also for the future. Due to this reason, it is extremely important to adopt this kind of approach of sustainability because through this, and it will become extremely easy to save water for the future. It can be seen that the sustainability issues in the water sector are extremely high and critical; the reason is that this resource is one of the most important resources for the world. Also, it has a huge impact on other development sectors. This resource will damage the economic and social life of the system. Therefore, there are different challenges that are faced by water as they have repaired, expand and maintain the water network system, so due to this, there will be potable water to the customers. These challenges are increased as the number of factors are increased like the population of the world, changes in the climate, environmental concerns, high development aging water infrastructure, and another basis environmental concern.  (Zekri et al., 2014).

For achieving the sustainable water sector level, it is extremely difficult to reach the target easily. The main reason is that there are more efforts are required for achieving this target. This is one of the most important responsibilities of the government that they must have to focus on maintaining the water sustainable for all customers. Due to this, there will be proper availability of water for the independent sector. Through this service, they can be easily able to avail this service at affordable prices. The main question is that what is the sustainability of water means? It means that to provide proper water service to all customers so that there will be proper quality water to the customers in affordable prices to their customers by taking in account the integration factor between the social aspects, environmental, social aspects and environmental. (Mays, 2006).

Author Igunnu & et.al ( 2014), reviewed the WWT ( wastewater treatment)  technologies of the wastewater. As by information, the wastewater is the complex mixture for the inorganic as well as the organic compound of a large volume through the generation of the recovery operations oil and the gas. In this research technologies for the WWT examines how we remove the impact on the discharged water to use the electrochemical techniques that are used in this area and its compare for future development. The suggestion is that the WWT technologies which are based on the electrochemistry and it could be of the future to produce the water management where the potential of the electrolyte is relatively good conductivity.In the different condition when applied the photoelectrochemistry, photochemical engineering that could be achieved the storage of energy, for the production of clean water along with the recovery of valuable metals to produce the minimal impact on the environment. WWT is the key platform that is based on technological development and it is also focused on the variation of the production system. In the 2nd phase of the WWT, the Ferrate Treatment technology is the power unit for the high Valant, in the iron molecule which oxidizes the chemical process and it is also scaling on the organism of co-precipitate which is dissolved in the particulate metals. The technology for the WWT is the Ferrate Treatment that is extremely powerful to deliver the various treatments from specific applications which create the disinfection of the products that is very difficult to solve these treatment challenges for the oxidants (Igunnu & et.al, 2014).

Now first of all updated all these technologies for the WWT to reduce the discharge water. For this procedure explain all these techniques for the understanding of updating.

There are some other concepts that are involved in giving proper information related to this sustainability problem of water. He was involved in improving the water sustainability problem and improved it in a proper way for the water sector. But there is a problem in the sustainability sector, and it is extremely difficult to meet the target level. For achieving the required objective for the sustainability of water, there is a need for the perfect water system. Through this, it will become extremely easy for reaching this efficient target. Syme & Nancarrow (2006) This author is involved in giving an idea about sustainability through water reforms. These reforms are involved in creating stability in the environment for a long time and also providing important improvement in the economic system of the country.

In the database provided by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs (MECA), the recorder number of STPs (Sewage Treatment Plants) is 402 and 50% of these STPs are located in Muscat. Some of these are operated by the private sector and others are in the hands of the government sector. Other than these existing STPs located in Dhofar and Muscat Governorates, the efforts have been made by the municipalities to integrate projects, where there is a connected network of collection, transportation as well as treatment of wastewater. The 10 million Omani Riyal budget was observed in the 1990s for wastewater projects in Oman (Mott Macdonald, 1991). The budget made in 1990s era was serving projects for various towns including Saham, Samail, Ibra, Ibri, Nizwa, Al-Rustaq, Al-Buraimi, SSur, Khasab, etc. Lots of treated effluents were recorded in 2010 by the Ministry of Regional Municipalities Environment and Water Resources.

2.13 Wastewater Management in Muscat of Exploring Factors Influencing Delays on Wastewater Projects in Oman

Oman Wastewater Services Company or Haya Water (HW) Company is a joint company, owned by the government of the Sultanate of Oman The world population has been increased and according to this population, the development also increased. For this development, there is also a need for fresh water. The fresh water will become extremely rare due to this increase in the development process. According to this process, there is a need to maintain water resource for the present and also for the future. Due to this reason, it is extremely important to adopt this kind of approach of sustainability because through this; it will become extremely easy to save water for the future. It can be seen that the sustainability issues in the water sector are extremely high and critical; the reason is that this resource is one of the most important resources for the world. Also, it has a huge impact on other development sectors. (Al Muselhi, 2011).

The wastewater project of Muscat, which is going to build the world’s largest membrane bioreactor (MBR) and it was estimated that until 2017, this MBR would be able to serve 90% of the inhabitants of the city. The capital city of Oman is Muscat, which is not only home for many government sectors, but also a hub for the private sector, and considered a popular tourist attraction as well. It was revealed in the census of 2003 that population for the city was more than 630,000, and it has been estimated that till 2025, it will exceed the limit of 1 million. The government realized the need for a system of wastewater management, so a company was started with the name of Oman Wastewater Services Company (OWSC) to deal with the issue. The company was established by the government in 2002 and started working on a commercial basis, but its privatization was done in 2010, and after that, a master plan was developed by the company for the city of Muscat. The aim of the newly developed project was to serve the needs till 2014 for six districts of Muscat including Quriyat, Al Amerat, Seeb, Bausher, Muttrah, and Muscat. The recent schemes by the government are a continuation of this strategy. The area covered by this project will be 3,670km², and 46000 households will get sewage services as well as treat water supply for the purpose of irrigation. The sewage sludge research comes with an element that is soil properties improvements as well as investigating the concentrations of heavy metals. The sewage sludge with the land application has been considered as an effective method of disposal because it has shown rich plant nutrients with organic as well as inorganic properties. However, the matter of concern is related to trace metals found in the sewage sludge, as they can be dangerous for both animals and humans’ health. In addition to that other matter of concern is that sewage sludge contains various organic chemicals, which can be pose risks for health as well as the environment.

The world population has been increased, and according to this population, the development also increased. For this development, there is also a need for fresh water. The fresh water will become extremely rare due to this increase in the development process. According to this process, there is a need to maintain water resource for the present and also for the future. Due to this reason, it is extremely important to adopt this kind of approach of sustainability because through this; it will become extremely easy to save water for the future. It can be seen that the sustainability issues in the water sector are extremely high and critical; the reason is that this resource is one of the most important resources for the world. Also, it has a huge impact on other development sectors. This resource will damage the economic and social life of the system. Therefore, there are different challenges that are faced by water as they have repaired, expand and maintain the water network system, so due to this, there will be potable water to the customers. These challenges are increased as the number of factors are increased like the population of the world, changes in the climate, environmental concerns, high development aging water infrastructure, and another basis environmental concern. There are some other concepts that are involved in giving proper information related to this sustainability problem of water. He was involved in improving the water sustainability problem and improved it in a proper way for the water sector. But there is a problem in the sustainability sector, and it is extremely difficult to meet the target level. For achieving the required objective for the sustainability of water, there is a need for the perfect water system. Through this, it will become extremely easy for reaching this efficient target. Syme & Nancarrow (2006) this author is involved in giving an idea about sustainability through water reforms. These reforms are involved in creating stability in the environment for a long time and also providing important improvement in the economic system of the country  (Al Wahaibi, 2011).

According to the Author Kalbar & et.al (2012), it is conducted that, in this research, the framework of the technology for the wastewater treatment (WWT) is proposed in Oman . Then Oman Wastewater Services Company or Haya Water (HW) Company updated the selected technology for the WWT system to reduce the impacts of the discharge waters for municipal waters system. In this research work, there are different technologies which are used for the WWT like the ASP (Activated Sludge Process), MBR (membrane bio-reactor), and SBR “Sequence Batch Reactors”. This framework of technology is used to identify the WWT system and managing the wastewater to reduce the impacts of the discharge water. The purpose of this research is to update these technologies for the WWT for the reduction. The availability of the limited sources is driving the variation in the system which focused form the treatment of the residues like a wastewater treatment toward the recovery. The emerging technologies enable the recovery of resources across the WWT. The design of the WWT also provides environmental protection, as well as the low cost sanitation through the additional benefits, form the reuse of water. Some of the technologies for the WWT is used the terrestrial systems as well as the natural aquatic system. (Kalbar & et.al, 2012)

For achieving the sustainable water sector level, it is extremely difficult to reach the target easily. The main reason is that there are more efforts are required for achieving this target. This is one of the most important responsibilities of the government that they must have to focus on maintaining the water sustainable for all customers. Due to this, there will be proper availability of water for the independent sector. Through this service, they can be easily able to avail these service at affordable prices. The main question is that what is the sustainability of water means? It means that to provide proper water service to all customers so that there will be proper quality water to the customers in affordable prices to their customers by taking in account the integration factor between the social aspects, environmental, social aspects and environmental. (Mays, 2006).

According to the Author Carlson & et.al (2012), it is conducted that Solar-Powered Water Purification System is to deliver perfect, drinkable water utilizing an improved framework that controlled exclusively by the sun. To wind up an attractive, overall item, the framework must be versatile and sufficiently strong to transport through all landscapes and conditions over significant lots of time. Furthermore, it ought to be cheap and easy to use. At last, for simplicity of delivery and transportation, the framework ought to have the capacity to fit in a standard transportation compartment. The Solar-Powered Water Purification System capacities to expel substance and microbial contaminations from salt water using sun oriented energy. The utilization of feasible energy sources makes an ecologically benevolent and independent framework that can be utilized in an extensive variety of areas. The framework itself is involved seven principle sub-parts: sun-powered gatherer, HEX, salt-water stockpiling tank, clean water stockpiling tank, evaporator, condenser, and framework pumps. The gadget would adjust cost and effectiveness to be attractive to bring down pay areas, for example, creating nations that experience the ill effects of deficiencies of clean water. The change and augmentation of water treatment remain a critical and important goal of governments in numerous nations, and numerous improvement offices aid this undertaking. (Carlson & et.al, 2012)

2.14 Municipal Sludge Utilization Cost in Oman

The origin of sludge is the process of wastewater treatment; the dependency of sludge generation recycling is on the operation process as well as plant’s efficiency, cost, type, etc. The sludge can be used utilized with many methods for gasification and then its conversion into fuel as well as its usage in bricks’ manufacturing. But the issue is that Oman has not been able to develop any legislation for these methods. In terms of usage of municipal sludge, Oman’s legislation is involved in activities of agriculture, and the best one is called composting, which helps in reusing the sludge of sewage. The method of composting is extremely beneficial and it has economic benefits as well, because vast variety and amount of organic materials is contained by it, which not only helps in conserving power but also helps in reducing water & air pollution, saving space for landfills as well as improvement of soil in the actions of agriculture. In 2010, a project was implemented by Haya Water (HW) for the introduction of organic fertilizer compost and name of this compost was Kala. This particular compost was associated with its use in the activities of agriculture. It is considered a by-product for the process of reuse water treatment. The area of this compost plant is measured as 60,000 square meters and its location is Al-Amerat (Al-Malaga), and it’s owned by the government of Muscat. The process of composting is considered a biological one, and its main dependency is on the activities associated with naturally happening microorganisms. The production of compost is a method, where green waste is blended, and that waste has a mixture of shrub cuts, dry leaves, tree trimmings, grass clip, etc. There are many cheap as well as useful methods for the treatment of waste material and one of them is called Windrow Technology. There are three stages of this particular process; the first one is the mixing stage, where the mixture of green waste and dewatered bio-solids up to 20% is made. In the next step, the mixture is stuck with a particular width and heat in the long pipelines, which helps in forming Windrow staying there for 30 days. The second stage is called turning stage, where 55ºC heat produced by bacterial activity is released staying there for around 15 days and in some cases more than 15 days so that human pathogens, plant pathogens, and plant seeds can be decomposed. The final stage is the curing stage, where decomposition of previous materials is continued until every raw material is decomposed as well as consumed by the microorganisms, which are remaining. This is a time when the handling of compost is a bit easy and stable after the 15 days curing process. The final compost samples are also tested so that heavy metal standards and pathogens can be established. Then after receiving results from the laboratory, the final packaging is done.

The pay from muck usage is an alluring angle for each wastewater plant proprietor, as the sticker price of changing over the slime into fabricated merchandise is very high, and the attractiveness of its items that has human squanders in their fixings is constantly considered as a test because of hesitance by buyers to utilize any item with known relationship with human body squanders. It is a huge test for government claimed elements to recoup full expenses from customers in many nations. Government water system extends in the U.S.A. are lucky to cover 20% of their costs from ranchers (William and Liu, 2006). Slop disposing of administration represents 40 to 60% of the development charge of wastewater treatment plants (Veritas, 2000). All HW STPs and different organizations are presently sending their loss to Kala manure plant in Al-Amerat area as opposed to dumping it in landfill destinations. Accordingly, 100% of all sewage slime which is created by the organization's plants are presently treated and changed over to compost, which is sold economically in the market (Times of Oman, December 11, 2013).

According to the Author McIlroy & et.al, (2015) it is connected that the Activated Sludge Process is most common for the suspended growth in the process of the municipal WWT because it is also reduced the impact of the discharged water. The activated sludge process includes the;

·         Aeration of the wastewater in the presence of Microbial suspension

·         Aeration of the Solid-liquid separation

·         Excess biomass for the WWT

·         Aeration tank which returns the remaining biomass (McIlroy & et.al, 2015)

It is a fact that sludge and wastewater management is one of the important environmental problems across many countries. There are various social, economic and technical contexts, which are there when production of sludge and wastewater treatment occurs. It is important to understand that an enforceable and realistic regulation is a must for the sludge management and wastewater treatment keeping the environment safe. In the last decade or so, the numbers of wastewater treatment plants have been rapidly increasing around the globe, and it is happening because freshwater use, as well as population, is increasing. If wastewater is not treated carefully and properly, then it can have various negative effects on society including concerns and threats for the public health. It has been observed in Oman that most number of cities is having holding and septic tanks for the collection of water sewage from the areas of residence. The issue is that these tanks have limited capacity, so they are generally overloaded because maintenance and construction are inadequate. The closest STPs are used by transferring sewage of these tanks into these STPs, and in some case, nearby dry channel beds are also used. The piped sewer network is connected for the city of Muscat, and it is expected that a large amount of treated sludge and wastewater will be produced. The country certainly can deal with its water shortage problems by proper management and planning of its system. The report issued in 2010 revealed that the percentage of individuals from Muscat connected to the sewage network is only 20%. But other projects can increase this percentage. The Haya Water project was a successful one, as a percentage of the population connected to the sewage network became 86%.

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