As discussed earlier Schizophrenia is mental disorder in which the person experience problem regarding behavior, thinking, and emotions. The key symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, disorganized thinking, delusions, extreme behavior, and other emotional disturbances. There are many causes of schizophrenia which are identified by the researchers in various studies. Some causes are related to genetics, and some are considered due to chemical imbalance in the brain. The biochemistry of any person plays key role in keeping the person physically and mentally healthy. Any chemical imbalance in the brain can cause serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.

There are different types of chemical that are present in various parts of the brain such as serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine. Each chemical play important role in controlling different parts of the brain and its functions. For instance dopamine run various parts of the brain and responsible for emotions like happiness. The serotonin runs various functions of the brain which include body temperature, sleep, mood control, pain perception, blood pressure, and neuroendocrine activity. As serotonin control various brain activities, any disturbance in this chemical can cause disturbance in the brain function (Ochs, 2014).

Nicotinic Calorimetric Symptoms

Many types of research have shown that patients who have schizophrenia do smoking a lot. Many schizophrenic patients do tobacco smoking because it allows the schizophrenic patients to filter auditory stimuli efficiently. The studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia smoke 80% more than the general public. Due to higher smoking the patients are vulnerable to different diseases, which include cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. With high amount of smoking the mortality rate increased and the patient can die more early than normal human beings. Although excessive nicotine consumption can cause various diseases in the schizophrenic patients there are also some benefits of the nicotine consumption as well (Griffin, 2012).

Some studies have shown that nicotine consumption in schizophrenic patients can improve their different abilities such as cognitive abilities. The relief from symptoms of schizophrenia is also possible through nicotine usage. Although there is a piece of evidence regarding how nicotine influence the schizophrenic patient’s further research is still required so that more data can be gathered regarding how nicotine can be used and what are its possible side effects. As nicotine is considered harmful for the body it is important to investigate how it can be used medically to treat patients.

Dopamine of Schizophrenia

When the medical scientists and researchers talk about the mental issues, they talk about Dopamine as well. Dopamine gets a lot of attention when the researchers search about brain and related issues. The dopamine is most of the time associated with addiction. Dopamine is associated with lots of metal disorders and psychiatric illnesses such as Parkinson's disease. In schizophrenia the dopamine is considered responsible for the issues like delusions & hallucinations. Many parts of the brain run on dopamine. In schizophrenia the brain parts which run from dopamine become hyperactive. The health care professionals prescribe antipsychotic drugs for controlling the problem of hallucination & delusions (Honoré, Lamprecht, & Stefanak, 2016).

It is important to know how dopamine works in schizophrenia so that the treatment of the patients can be done accordingly.  Researches have shown that dopamine causes delusion in the patients. For controlling this issue different drugs are used, which decrease the hyperactivity of the brain regions, which run on dopamine. It seems appropriate to control the overactive areas of the brain so that schizophrenic symptoms can be reduced, and the patients who suffer from this mental disorder can live a normal like just like other individuals.

Serotonin of Schizophrenia

Serotonin is another important chemical which controls various activities of the brain. In the brain the serotonin is present in the raphe nuclei. Serotonin is responsible for various functions which include body temperature, sleep, mood control, pain perception, blood pressure, and neuroendocrine activity. As serotonin control various brain activities any disturbance in this chemical can cause disturbance in the brain function. The researches have shown that the people who suffer from schizophrenia experience problem in their brain cells. The neurotransmitters that play important role in the schizophrenia are serotonin and dopamine (Garrett & Grisham, 2016).

Many types of research have shown that the brain chemical imbalance in the induvial become a major reason for the issues like schizophrenia. The serotonin as discussed earlier perform various activities of the body even have links with the cardiovascular system. If imbalance occurs in the serotonin system than the person cannot live a normal life. With various drugs the dopamine and serotonin chemical imbalance can be controlled. However significant amount of research is required to know how chemical imbalance occurred in the first place and in what ways it can be controlled. With latest research the researchers can handle the chemical imbalance problem more efficiently.

Glutamatergic Symptoms

The glutamate is the chemical in the brain which is responsible for forming the memories in the brain. This chemical allows the individuals learn various things and provide information to other parts of the brain regarding the functions which they have to perform. It can be said that this chemical plays an important role in the human body because it regulates various activities of the brain. Without this chemical the individuals might unable to learn new things, and making memories might become impossible. The Glutamatergic symptoms can be seen in the people who become the victim of schizophrenia. The glutamate activity in the brain is quite high in the early stages of schizophrenia (Litwack, 2017).

The studies have shown higher glutamate activity in various parts of the brain of the people in which schizophrenia was developing. In early stages, the activity is higher, but with the passage of time when schizophrenia develops even further the activity of glutamate slows down. After the schizophrenia is developed the glutamate activity becomes quite less. There is need to perform research to know how brain circuits use glutamate chemicals and how this activity can be controlled in the patients of schizophrenia. With research the researchers can provide better treatment facilities to schizophrenic patients (Marshall & Bangert, 2008).

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The terms Pathophysiology and Etiology are quite closed to each other. The similarity between these terms is because of their capability to answer the question of why and how various kind of disorder and disease get development in the living creature. In other words, both terms are used to find answers for the almost the same issues and the same concerns. Pathophysiology and Etiology study the development behaviour of diseases and disorders in human being and account for the purpose of disease and disorder to start in a body. Pathophysiology and Etiology also support medical experts to conclude certain reasons for some particular health issues in the patients. Why germs of a disease or issues causing disorder remain in a body, maintain their existence and survive against the safety and preventing measures of the human body are the key concerning topic for Pathophysiology as well as Etiology.

However, Pathophysiology is not only limited to the development and maintained of a disorder in the human body as it also focuses on deranged functions of organs. Organs can change their behaviours and functionality in a human body when they are polluted with the germs of some particular diseases and disorder. For instance, take the example of pathophysiologic alteration which is basically a critical change in the functionality of organs that can be distinguished from some structural changes and defects. Etiology, on the other hand, does not pay attention to the causes of diseases only. Etiology also deals with the sciences and reasons behind the causes of a disorder and disease in a specific body. Usually, the medical staff of our advanced hospitals and healthcare centres break down Etiology in three key groups and categories. One of these categories is known as intrinsic.

According to the concepts of intrinsic, cause of various diseases and disorder does not relate to the external environment and factors. However, under this concept, it is commonly said that the causes of diseases and disorder can be intrinsic and internal in most of the causes. Internal body of human being get abnormal changes and produce some germs which cause to generate diseases and disorders. For instance, genetic diseases are caused by the inherited germs from ancestors and parents. These inherited germs are already in the human body which influences internal behaviour and functionality to cause a disease or disorder. Some fine examples of Etiology are diabetes mellitus and other endocrine disorder.             

References of Biochemistry of Schizophrenia

Garrett, R. H., & Grisham, C. M. (2016). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning.

Griffin, R. W. (2012). Management. Cengage Learning.

Honoré, P., Lamprecht, L., & Stefanak, M. (2016). An Examination of Public Health Financial Management System Accreditation Standards . 210-224.

Litwack, G. (2017). Human Biochemistry. Academic Press,.

Marshall, W. J., & Bangert, S. K. (Eds.). (2008). Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier Health Sciences,.

Ochs, R. S. (2014). Biochemistry. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.