Abstract of Architecture

The research paper is about the architecture of old and modern societies based on different types and typologies. Mass production concept in firms and city design associate architecture and building development with the third typology. From the 18th century to now around three typologies are presented by different theorists and researchers of architecture. Present work will contribute to spread awareness about identical philosophies behind architecture. On the typologies of architecture, the third typology, and architecture related concepts by Rafael Moneo are presented in this research work (Moneo, 1978).

Introduction of Architecture

Identical philosophies are the basis of our modern cities and infrastructures. Architectural typology and the idea of type are critical topics for the researchers and professionals of the architecture field. Historical analysis and literature review show that concept and ideas behind architecture are changing with time and improvement of architecture sciences. In this situation, the key concerning the topic for the architects is to understand the changing nature of architecture and vital concepts behind different typologies. Particularly, the literature review indicates that architecture and infrastructure modern and old buildings of the 19th century and 18th century were quite different. The third typology presented in the 18-19th century still relates to the designing concepts of our modern society and city infrastructure. In the present work, the main objective is to conduct research, review literature, extract information, and support arguments about architecture while considering the differences made by the time and transformation of typologies.         

Thesis Statement   of Architecture

Here in the thesis statement main argument or main point of this research paper is discussed. In the above introduction section, it is clearly stated that changes in the architecture are still influencing for architecture. Thus there is a need to understand architecture and typologies in the historical scenario to find out important information and concerning details to the ideas behind the transformation of architecture in various societies. In this research paper, we are going to demonstrate changes occurred in architecture from early 18th century to recent times. Facts and reasoning are provided about this topic with the support of views presented by the famous writer of old-time and experts of the architecture field who presented important theories. Facts and essential details about the transformation of architecture and its impact are elaborated by presenting the information extracted from some authentic and reliable literature and academic research materials.      

On the Typology of Architecture of Architecture

In this section, information is presented about the typology of architecture by initiating discussion on the meaning and concept of term "type" in the architecture. The use of term type in architecture is not as old as the history of architecture. The term type was introduced as a concept and idea in the architecture with the purpose to explain relatively recent phenomenon's in architecture. The idea of type is associated with the Quatremre de Quincy at the start of 19th century. Type idea was explicitly used by the theorists to pervade theory of architecture ever since Vitrusvius. The idea of type is also associated with some specific authors of history in the field of architecture including Semper, Rossi, and Quatremre de Quincy. In actual, the idea of type was presented as a concept in architecture to cover up some important theories for architects (Argan, 1963).

 The idea of type in the architecture embraces issues linked with metaphysical characters and aesthetic (transcendental issues). The type also relates to epistemological issues that form the body of architectural traditions. Furthermore, it has to be aligned with the two different dimensions which can be identified as synchronic and diachronic. Under the view of the diachronic concept, the idea of type in architecture is evaluated by the research and theories of architecture specialist and experts such as Laugier to Quatremre de Quincy. Some essential meanings are conveyed by the idea of the type according to which unclassified idea of type has deeper implications as compared to the confirmed classified idea of type in architecture.

According to modern critics, an ideal type cannot be convinced and distinguished with some specific features only. The ideal type is just similar to an abstract. In general, some proposed and specific feature cannot be set out as standard for an ideal type in architecture. Although, the type has certain importance as it elaborates on the architectural form concerning the symbolism and ritual pattern. According to the theories of architecture, the type is fully designed building and formally formed infrastructure that identifies the art of architecture. According to Quatremre de Quincy, type cannot be considered as a term or a word which relates to the process of copying and imitating a design in its original condition but it shows an idea about a structure and an element that it-self work as a rule for the development and implementation of a model (Argan, 1963).     

The Third Typology  of Architecture

In this section information about typologies of architecture are discussed in detail. How and what kind of typologies are presented from very past to now in architecture. During the 18th century, two typologies were introduced in the architecture related studies. The first typology was introduced by Enlightenment and Abbe Laugier. In this first typology, a natural design base was formulated and founded by the Laugier in the primitive hut model. The second typology was introduced in the 19th century. During this time mass production was quite trendy thus building development and designing was require production-oriented architectural designs. Regarding second typology it was considered that rational sciences and technological production systems are embodied as developing forms of age. However, the mission was to master these forms and support architecture as progress agent. The third typology is based on the classification and reason as it provides a guideline for different strip city and townscapes (Vidler, 1973).

The third typology was presented as an alternative to the Modern Movement urbanism to replace old architecture since the 50s. Concerning with modern infrastructure and architecture, we are following the third typology of architecture that radically emerges with the concepts of typology from the 18th century. Rational order of nature and parallel chains to the city architecture developed columns to the hut to design a primitive hut. Critical analysis of architecture types shows that the nature of design in the third typology is just similar to the design of the city. Formal conditions, primary geometrical form, and machine tooling are exemplified in the new designs and architecture of rationalist societies. Although, the third typology of architecture proposed a recomposition of fragments in an entirely new context. 

According to the historical information about the typologies of architecture, the ontology of the city is indeed radical. In the 1830s, Victor Hugo realizes that specialized domain is developed from the conversion of the role of social book. In the new ontology, political essence as opposed to the single column. New ontology focused on crafting and designing column-based houses and huts. Useful machines of new ontology were connective to the political implications and fragmentation of spatial recomposition. According to analysis, Piranesi and Rossi's schemes were based on the spaces of the city. City rebuke fragmentation and decentralization was also linked with the new typology of Modern Movement. For the third typology, historical precedents do not require defined sets, objectives, and rules for the actual transformation of architecture designing. Considering the objective of mass production in the firm’s third typology was created as a modernist aesthetic. Production and consumption-based defined the set of architecture bases for reformation, restoration and endless cycle.      

On Typology by Rafael Moneo of Architecture

In this section, key ideas and concepts regarding typology are presented in the light of Rafael Moneo. According to Rafael Moneo, types of architecture were transformed with the passage of time. In the 19th centuries, societies had different designs and architecture of domes. Baroque periods and Renaissance periods had different domes constituting some specific types of architecture. Typologies series implies elements and relationship among these elements to define the formal structure. Transformation of types was evident to the changes occurred in the substantial elements and changes of formal structure. In past, some buildings had precise position and structure of the city were designed for residential purposes.

While on the other hand, modern building designs and architecture were based on the third and modernized type of architecture. Basically, Rafael Moneo concludes that changes and alterations of basic ideas and concepts behind types of architecture are supported by architects and each type is linked with a specific author. Somehow, some frequent fragments are against the concept of consistency of the same architecture in the societies. While presenting views on the changes and transformation of architecture Rafael Moneo distinguished its frozen mechanism to deny emphasis on the change with automatic repetitions. A new type emerges and causes to bring changes for the architect. For instance, when new defined sets of formal relations are identified in the elements and building groups then architects support anonymity and encourage characterization of architecture as a discipline.              

Conclusion of Architecture

The whole discussion concludes that architecture is dynamic. Typologies and types of architecture of modern societies are not fully based on the old and historical typologies and types of 18th centuries however still some systems of designing and architecting similar to that typologies are in practice of our architects. In past, dome and many other parts of building designs and city design were different in societies as traditional nature of design and views about art and design were not the same. 18th century and 19th century were fully projecting the designs and concepts of architecture based on first and second typologies. The research concluded that third typologies are still in practice of our architects as many modern buildings are based on primitive huts and single column based building.          

References of Architecture