Hastelloy-X as an alloy of nickel has been used in the present analysis to determine the impact of different types of machining processes on the environment. along with other parameters, health hazards due to the fluid cutting of Hastelloy-X are analyzed in present research. The research suggests an appropriate solution to overcome the health issues of workers dealing with the fluid cutting of Hastelloy-X is the implementation of dry machining. The JC model is used to determine the surface temperature of the material after dry machining. The consequences of dry machining on the surface of Hastelloy-X are investigated. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that the output of dry machining is much better in terms of cutting temperature, cutting forces, effective stresses, and the surface morphology of Hastelloy-X chip

Keywords: Hastelloy-X, cutting temperature, Cutting fluids, dry machining

INTRODUCTION of Machining of Hastelloy X under dry conditions in term of surface integrity

Hastelloy-X is a nickel-based alloy and has extensive applications in industries due to higher advantages that are specially related to high-temperature properties. The higher temperature related properties of Hastelloy-X include heat resistance, high melting temperature, ability to retain the mechanical properties as well as chemical properties even at elevated temperature and resistance to erosion, creeping, thermal fatigue, and the thermal shocks (Sofuoğlu, Çakır, Gürgen, & Orak, 2018). Comparing with other superalloys, Hastelloy-X is preferred in the industrial applications particularly in the manufacturing of gas turbine components and engines of spacecraft. Despite significant applications in the industries, the machining of Hastelloy-X is tough. The main issues faced during the machining process of Hastelloy-X is the work hardening and the austenitic matrix (Çakır, Sofuoğlu, & Gürgen, 2018). The issues reduce the efficiency of cutting tools and failure of tools are observed such as craters on the surface, accelerated flank wear, and the notching process observed in the cutting operations. The machining process depends on the suitable parameters such as depth of cut, the speed of cutting and feed rate. The optimum parameter selected for the cutting process leads to longer tool life, higher removal rate for the material and the improved surface finish. In the machining process, the friction produced during between the cutting tool interfaces and the material results in higher temperature and generation of heat that ultimately decreases tool life, dimensional sensitivity of the material, and increases the surface roughness (Shyha, Kuo, & Soo, 2014). In order to overcome the issues, different methods have been devised such as cutting in the presence of fluids, a coating of expensive but suitable materials on the surface and the dry cutting process. The cutting fluids that are metalworking fluids prolong the life of tools but exposure to the cutting fluids can lead to long term and serious consequences such as respiratory disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to the composition of organic and biological contaminants (Çakīr, Yardimede, Ozben, & Kilickap, 2007).

In the present work, the application of dry cutting is investigated to reduce the hazardous impact on the health of users. The selection criteria along with the process for the dry cutting is investigated for the machining process of Hastelloy-X. The aim of the present work is to propose enough process that reduces the serious health problems faced during machining of Hastelloy-X under dry conditions.

References of Abstract of Machining of Hastelloy X under dry conditions in term of surface integrity

Çakır, F. H., Sofuoğlu, M. A., & Gürgen, S. (2018). Machining of Hastelloy-X Based on Finite Element Modelling. Advanced Engineering Forum, 30(01), 01-07.

Çakīr, O., Yardimede, A., Ozben, T., & Kilickap, E. (2007). Selection of cutting fluids in machining processes. Jounal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 25(02), 89-102.

Shyha, I., Kuo, C.-L., & Soo, S. (2014). Workpiece surface integrity and productivity when cutting CFRP and GFRP composites using a CO2 laser. International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, 07(02), 01-10.

Sofuoğlu, M. A., Çakır, F. H., Gürgen, S., & Orak, S. (2018). Experimental investigation of machining characteristics and chatter stability for Hastelloy-X with ultrasonic and hot turning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 95(01), 83-97.