Background of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

For the industry of the petro chemical Ethylene is considers as the basic raw material. It also includes the thermal cracking of the hydro carbons just like as ethane which is consider as the main source of the Ethylene in the presence of the steam. The highly endothermic process is contains on the steam cracking of the ethane to ethylene which can be performed as the high temperature in which the great deal of energy can be consumed. The coke is producing by many other unwanted reactions at the reactions of the high temperature. Due to this many serious problems can be occurs in the reactors performance.

It is indicated by the results of the experimental and thermodynamics that the ODE for ethylene by the carbon dioxide which can be described;

In the form of the reaction of the dehydrogenation

It can be joined with the shift of the reverse gas reaction

It is also predicted that the production of ethylene can be improved by eliminating the production of the hydrogen from the process of the WGS reaction and dehydrogenation. The equation can be written as;

O

The above equations are considered as the key to promoting the reaction for the pathways of the desired reactions to developing the catalyst according to the desirable behaviors. In ODE a wide range of catalyst can be examined as an oxidant with the carbon di oxide. The catalyst which are based upon the Cr amo9n these catalyst they are proved as the very effective catalyst in this particular reaction. These are used by the different promoters for the further improvement in catalytic performance. It has been demonstrated in the prior work that the  catalyst are promoted by the Fe which is used to exhibiting the high catalytic activity.

ODE Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane by using the oxygen has been proposed as substitute methods for the process of the thermal cracking in ethane. Because it is considered as the process of the exothermic and it can be used for the performance of the lower temperature. The exothermic reactions and the operations of the lower temperature is used to significantly reducing the input of the external heat for the process as well as for reducing the coke formation (Shuang Deng).

It is depicted by the studies of the Sam Bergh, (2003) this can be driven by it needs for rerducing the time-toomarket for the newly mwesaure catalyst and it also used to optimizing the process of the ctaalyst. It can optimize in effective m,anners. There are sevral expermient which are performed by using the state of the art at high levels through putting the proper workflows which can be an order of magnitude. It ratio is much higher than that was possible few years ago by using the sevral convetioanl techniques. Such as the prinmarty secreeuing of the highthrough put progarm of the 50000 experimments per yaers and these re comapred to the 500 to 1000 experiments in which the convetiao methods is using.

The exploration of diverse compositional, very large, process spaces, structural and many of which are going to be unexplored. But it doesn’t matter because new discoveries are always arises in this process.

In the heterogeneous the experimental process of the high throughput involves the synthesis, testing and design of the high-density library which are aimed at efficiently. It is also used for the exploration of the wide range of the diverse materials. While it is depicted by the early research in fields back at least 30 years. 

This work was start in the mid of the 1990s which has advanced in the field with the passage of the time and its start from several efforts which are currently under way. The catalyst of the combinatorial includes the designs of the materials array’s computer assisted. It also includes the characterization, screening techniques and high-throughput synthesis which can be categorized by the use of the several robotics and advanced software (Sam Bergh).

Generally, the hydrogen is manufacturing for using in the production process of the methanol and ammonia. Over the last decades, therefore, the technology is based upon the   utilization of the hydrogen which has been expanded tremendously for incorporating the various application in petroleum refining, chemical, hydrogenation of edible fats and oils, metallurgy, manufacturing of high-quality electronic components and fuel cells.

It is expected that the demand of the high purity hydrogen can be increase in the more rigorous environmental for requiring the legislation of the deep desulfurization of petroleum. It is enforced by the based fuels in the refineries and it is used for the fuel cells in the automotive and increasing the power generation applications. Historically, by reforming or partial oxidation of hydrocarbons   hydrogen has been produced for producing the synthesis gas. It is also follows to the water gas shift reaction for converting the CO to CO_2. The more hydrogen is also producing in this process which is followed by the separation procedures. 

Therefore, there is several steps for the purification which are required to reducing the CO to the levels of the ppm and it can be tolerate by the catalyst which are using in the fuel cells. For the production of the ethylene 1 in the conditions of the reaction the steam cracking of the Noncatalytic ethane has been commercially used. There is high temperature is required in this process as >800 °C in the short contact times. The process of the Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation processes2-7 are preferred normally just because of the   higher ethylene yields, lower temperatures and better process control (Naresh Shah).

The chromiaalumina catalysts is using normally in the process of the dehydrogenation, the fixed shallow bed are included in the catalyst which are located in the reactors which can be either horizontal cylinder, a sphere or a squat vertical cylinder. The compromise is reflected by the actual design among the gas flow distribution over the large cross sectional area and it require to maintain and dropping the low pressure. On the catalyst the significant amount of the coke can be deposited throughout the steps of the dehydrogenation. Hence the several numbers of the reactors are using in parallel. Few of these are dehydrogenation meanwhile the reaming are regenerated or   being purged. The reactions of the dehydrogenation are consider as the strongly endothermic and the heat can be provided in this section for at least one part.

It signals used to storing the heat sensible ways for storing the heat in the catalyst bed during the regeneration.

The direct fuel combustion is used to providing the additional heat and it can also use by releasing the chromium redox cycle.

The length of the total reactor cycles is consider as the limited by suing the available amount of heat and it can be short and 10-20 minutes. for the production of butadiene the process of the Houdry Catadiene was using extensively either in conjunction with catalytic

 (n-butane to butadiene) or by itself. It also used for the ox dehydrogenation of n-butane to butadiene (M.M. Bhasin a).

In the petrochemical industries the demand for propylene has been increasing day by day. In the current era propylene is produced by using the ethylene and thermal cracking of ethane. It also includes the naphtha in the presence of steam and mixture of ethane propane. Due to enhancing the demands of the propylene, in the past decades the worldwide efforts have been made for developing the process to producing the propylene by using the propane. It is investigated in the recent studies that the conversion of the propane is possible by using the immediate endothermic thermal-cracking along with exothermic no catalytic oxidative conversion for ethylene and propylene by using the limited amount of the oxygen at the higher temperature as (635-800 °C).

 It is also investigated that the process can be found to occurring at much lower temperature according to the contact time which is require to achieving the same conversion for the process of the thermal cracking. Furthermore there were the connection of the endothermic and exothermic reaction for the   propane conversion which is commonly used to making this process more effective with the drastic reduction in the external energy which is required for the formation of the coke.  It is safe to operate. By using a catalyst having high thermal/hydrothermal stability this process can be improved further (Vasant R. Choudhary).

By using the thermal cracking of ethane Ethylene can be currently produced and it is also produced by using the propane mixture, ethane and naphtha. This mixture is consider as the highly endothermic and the process of the intensive energy which is involved the extensive formation of the Coke. The world-wide efforts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene are used to overcoming the problems of the thermal cracking. There are several groups which are making all of these efforts. Different catalytic systems are used normally for ODE without the use of halides such as V–Mo–Nb–O (6), Li–Mg–O (7).It also includes the coated ceramic foam monoliths and doped rare earth oxides which is proposed to obtaining the ethylene yields more than 30%.  The development of active and stable catalysts is considered which is allows for the high ethylene yields (>40–50%) and selectivities (>70–80%).  The challenging task are also crated in this at where the auto thermal operation is consider as the preferential for the efficient use of the reaction. Though the very high reaction temperature is used for influencing the phases of the gas reactions in the olefins formation which was ruled out for the proposed heterogeneous mechanism. The explosion of the heterogeneous was achieved by the reactants of the heating up to ∼230◦C (13) (S. A. R. Mulla).

Ethylene is consider as an important for the bulk chemical, it is also known as the largest consumption from the organic products at worldwide level and the indicators which are used to measuring the level of petrochemical development of countries. It is well known that the ethylene is considered as the most produced by suing the steam cracking of the naphtha for the smaller extent by using the direct catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane. Therefore, its draw backs are exist obviously in the process of the steam cracking. The production process of the conventional ethylene and the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) which is attracting for the more interest for its various conceptual advantages. It includes the process of the excess heat supply by using the external means which can be avoided by changing the process endothermic    

It is also used for the exothermic process for the realizing the high energy efficiency by reducing the temperature of the reaction to 400–600 °C.

It also includes the conversion of the high ethane for the selective ethylene and it can be obtained by using the new chemical equilibrium. By introducing oxygen in the reactive system the coking of the catalyst can be eliminate. Furthermore the ethane can be performed as the feed for the process of the ODHE and it abundant in associated gas and shale which can become important source of the energy around the world in the start of the 21^st century (Bozhao Chu).

In the petrochemical industry, the Ethylene is the building blocks, which is used as the intermediate for valuable products productions, like the ethylene dichloride, polyethylene, as well as ethylene benzene, oxide, ethylene between extra significant chemical compounds. On the finding of the competitive technologies, the academy as well as industry has focused on their research. To produce the ethylene, so it looks like the demand is increasing as well as the efforts to reduce the impact of environmental along with the consumptions of energy for the conventional with commercial process. To produce the olefin, fluid catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, as well as catalytic dehydrogenation. ODH-Et stands for “oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane” this is the best alternatives because of it offers the various advantages that are compared with the conventional process of the effective material. It also presents the selectivity as well as the outstanding activity for the ethylene, which is apparently attributed in the presences of the crystalline phase of MI. In the activation of ethane, the V species are active sites where the Mo species has improved the activity of the catalytic V atoms. By the information of the selective crystalline as well as active, crystalline the Te species is connected in the phase of the Nb, M1 species that leads to enhancing the ethylene selectivity. The material in ODH-Et has the envisaging a possible future application for the commercial scale that requires at the first step, in the catalytic reactors of the conceptual design.  (Gamaliel Che-Galicia).

Significance of the study of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

The research study will be utilize for preparing the catalyst layer of the phase-pure M1 for the investigation and substrate.  The research study is significant for the ODHE reaction in reactor of the micro channel. This is also significant for the evaluation of the catalyst which will be carried out for the reactors of the small sized fixed according to the same conditions as comparison.

 The results of the research is used for the confirmation of the published results for the all materials of three chemistries as well as for generating the related materials. The research study will contribute to assisting the practitioners, academics and the government authorities for explaining and identifying the process of the productions of the ethylene by using the water.

Problem Statement of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

Ethylene is considered as the major element of the olefin markets and it is also known as the one of the most5 important element of the petrochemicals which is derived from the monomers that is commonly used feedstock for producing the various useful chemical products which commercially useful. Their major examples are polymers, fibers and polythene.

In the modern age, there is less production of the ethylene, therefore, ethylene need to be created through the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. For the benefits of the industrial-scale reaction system, kinetic model can be focused by two-dimensional pseudo-heterogeneous model so that in the modern age; modern methods of heat transfer can be followed with the pilot plant experiments. 

The production of the Ethylene is going to be reduce with the passage of time but the chemist and experts are always keen to maintain its development process by using the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to ethylene. It also includes the ethane to acetic acid and its selective oxidization as well as the oxidization of the propane to acrylonitrile. The research study is conducted to emphasizing the utilization primary screening by considering spectrometer as scanning mass. The research study is conducted to overwhelming the problems related to the productions of the ethylene

Aims and Objectives of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

The major aim of the research study is to investigating the oxidative conversion of propane for ethylene and propylene by using the water and limited amount of the oxygen over Sr which is promoted by the supported catalyst  on the low surface area which is known as macro pours as well as the carrier catalyst under all of these conditions. It includes both endothermic thermal-cracking reactions and exothermic oxidative conversion and these both reactions are occur simultaneously.

·         The objective of this scientific research study is to evaluating the explosion behavior of the catalyst Sr–Nd–La–O according the loading of the various Sr.

·         To examining the parameters of the various reactions as preheat temperature, ratio of, space velocity ad steam in feed for the formation of the ethylene.

·         To demonstrating the various advantages of the micro channel reactor for the improvement of the heat management.

·         The major aim of this study is to modeling the industrial performance as selective or highly active catalyst MoVTeNbO for producing the ethylene from the ethane by using the ODH-Et in the cooled packed of the wall for presenting the catalytic reactors.  

Research question of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

·         Why the production of the Ethylene is necessary?

·         What are the major element for producing the Ethylene?

·         How the production of the Ethylene can meet to the needs of the market?

·         How the process can be developed for the production of the Ethylene by using the Oxidative dehydrogenation of Ethane?

·         What is the role of the Oxidative dehydrogenation of Ethane for producing the Ethylene?

References of Process Development for the production of Ethylene by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

Bozhao Chu, a Lara Truter,b Tjeerd Alexander Nijhuisb and Yi Cheng. "Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethyleneover phase-pure M1 MoVNbTeOx catalysts in amicro-channel reactor." The Royal Society of Chemistry (2015): 2807–2813.

Gamaliel Che-Galicia, Richard S. Ruiz-Martínez, Felipe López-Isunza, Carlos O. Castillo-Araiza. "Modeling of oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethyleneon a MoVTeNbO/TiO2 catalyst in an industrial-scale packedbed catalytic reactor." Chemical Engineering Journal 280 (2015): 682–694.

M.M. Bhasin a, ∗, J.H. McCain a, B.V. Vora b, T. Imai b, P.R. Pujado´ b. "Dehydrogenation and oxydehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins." Applied Catalysis A: General 221 (2001): 397–419.

Naresh Shah, * Yuguo Wang, Devadas Panjala. "Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Nanostructures byNon-oxidative Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethane andPropane." Energy & Fuels , 18.1 (2004): 727-735.

S. A. R. Mulla, 1 O. V. Buyevskaya,2 and M. Baerns. "Autothermal Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to EthyleneUsing SrxLa1.0Nd1.0Oy Catalysts as Ignitors." Journal of Catalysis 197.1 (2001): 43– 48.

Sam Bergh, Peijun Cong, Bren Ehnebuske, Shenheng Guan. "Combinatorial heterogeneous catalysis: oxidative dehydrogenation ofethane to ethylene, selective oxidation of ethane to acetic acid, andselective ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile." Topics in Catalysis Vol. 23.1 (2003): 1–4,.

Shuang Deng, *,†,‡ Songgeng Li,† Huiquan Li,‡ and Yi Zhang. "Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene with CO2 over Fe-Cr/ZrO2." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 48.1 (. 2009,): 7561–7566.

Vasant R. Choudhary, * Vilas H. Rane, and Amarjeet M. Rajput. "High-Temperature Catalytic Oxidative Conversion of Propane toPropylene and Ethylene Involving Coupling of Exothermic andEndothermic Reactions." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39, .1 (2000,): 904-908.