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Eucalypts (188 species, 36 subspecies) from the genera Corymbia, Angophora, and Eucalyptus are endemic to subtropical, tropical, and seasonally arid climates of northern Australia [4]. The vegetation in Eucalypt-dominated savannahs (EDS) dominated by tropical savannah, large woodland, open forest (wetter north and east), and small tall-and-moist wet sclerophyll forests in the wet tropics of Queensland [5]. Northerly distributed EDS forests characterized by different factors. The presence of EDS is largely because fire ecology [10]. Large wildfires of high-intensity/frequency/severity have devastating impacts on biodiversity; the removal of vegetation, refuge habitat, food resources, seed banks, the extinction or displacement of fire-sensitive species through habitat loss, and increased surviving animals’ vulnerability to predation [14]. Example, severe wildfires are commonly driven by invasive Gamba Grass (Andropogon gayanus) which is currently sown for cattle fodder, which result mass mortality to endemic scaly-tailed possum.
Meanwhile, low-intensity fires reductions causes forest health reductions, augments pests and diseases, and proliferates the encroachment of dense woody understorey monoculture [15]. For instance, invasive blanket bush (Bedfordia arborescens) colonizes unburnt patches because wind spreading the seed, which ultimately attracts adivores and competitors, but the resultant effects cause biodiversity loss [15]. Fires timing is important. Moreover, high-intensity, late-season fires caused indirect mortality of red-backed fairy-wrens (Malurus melanocephalus); however, they experienced shorter breeding season, lower nestling survival, decline in multiple broods.
Adaptations
of Eucalypt Species to Fire
The
fires resulted EDS biomes developed physiological adaptations to enable
long-term persistence to fire [18]. Moreover, if juvenile trees burned severely,
the branches and stems die, but the tree subsists [19]. Older trees are more
fire resistant as they developed key mechanisms by dormant buds on the stem resprout
epicormic stem shoots. Epicormic bud initiation transpires at the vascular
cambium protected by maximum bark thickness [19] [20]. The result, large
decaying trees are highly flammable because rotting materials can accumulate
and the water scarcity inside conducting tissues of the stem [19].
Impact
of Climate Change on Fire Regimes
The
climate in northern Australia is dramatically changing because increased CO2
levels cause large increases in average temperatures which in turn changes
precipitation patterns, and causes increases in extreme weather events. i.e.,
heat waves, droughts, wildfires, and cyclones [21]. Larger frequent
wildfires, burns extensive homogeneous land swathes, greenhouse gas emissions,
and restricts surviving fauna to either unburned land or refuge patches of
grassland habitat. In 2018, over 40 wildfires burned across Northern Australia
after extreme heat waves and caused deleterious impacts as CO2 is the main
driver behind climate change, increased fire frequencies increases the release
of greenhouse gases and reduces carbon sequestration affected plant and mammal
demographic processes, property damage’s high correlates, combined with
negative influences on habitat quality and geomorphological processes [21]
[22]. In summary, a more detailed understanding is required regarding the
efficacy of prescribed SURFACE FIRES and the dynamics of combustible biomass
pools to elucidate the potential for mitigation of greenhouse gases in EDS
biomes [23] [24].
Use of Fire Intervention Maintain Eucalypt Forest
By prescribing fire frequency and the burning season, land managers influenced fire intensities, fire impacts on vegetation, property damage, fuel loads volume, and greenhouse gas emissions [6]. Wildfires create highly destructive effects on habitats and the supported biota, and land managers. The reasons we use surface fires are to reduce the wildfires extent and to benefit biodiversity.
The reason we use IDH PMBH hypotheses is that smaller, controlled surfaced fires are the most frequently used to manage understorey vegetation and to reduce fuel loads, improve the forage value of pastures, and reduce the risk of high-intensity wildfires, and, more controversially, to conserve and proliferate biodiversity [31].
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