Theoretical & Conceptual Leadership Roles:

The first and foremost role of a leader defined in the theory of “Action Centered Leader” includes proper control on team, tasks and individuals. The model was proposed during late 20th century by John Adair and reflect that leader define task needs, team needs and the needs of each individual. He determines tasks by planning, developing goals, assigning roles and developing standards for the performance (LePine et al, 2016). Leader has knowledge about team and individual contribution importance. Thus, he coaches, counsel, motivates, inspires, improve teams, create discipline, and communicates. While action centered approach define some roles, another theory was proposed by Gordon Allport named “Trait theory “that suggested that a leader is a combination of different traits; including interpersonal, cognitive, personality, expertise, etc. that helps him to serve as a role model and become an effective guide. He solves problems using traits, takes dynamic decisions and inspires people (Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015). A similar theory that gained huge attention is “transformational theory” that suggest that a leader is a change maker. He helps to deal with the environment threats by innovating, making changes in the social system and processes (Banks et al, 2016). Finally, “contingency theory” suggest that role of a leader is to deal with various situations by adopting varying forms of leadership styles. He deals with crises, high performance, low performance and other situations by developing different styles of leading (Jansen et al, 2016). According to Clark and Waldron (2016) a similar concept is "transactional leadership" that suggest role of leader is to punish and give rewards in order to control the team and organization performance.

3.2 Conceptual and Theoretical Manager Functions:

A theory of "scientific management" was proposed by Frederick Taylor and therefore, it is also regarded as Taylorism (Hartzband and Groopman, 2016). The theory suggests that management play vital role of managing resources to increase efficiency and labor output. The theory suggests that a manager is assigned with limited resources and utilize them by developing effective methods to perform the work to achieve objective. Thus, Taylor was first to suggest that primary function of manager is to plan and train workers. The methods help to reduce labor wastage while increase efficiency. Another theory proposed by Henry Fayol is regarded as "Fayolismtheory" and suggest five core functions of a manager that include planning as proposed by Taylor (Edwards, 2018). According to Brunsson (2016) Henry Fayol suggested that a manager performs five key functions; including controlling, directing, planning, organizing as well as staffing. Max Weber proposed “bureaucratic theory” of management that focuses on power, control and hierarchal management structure (Banks et al, 2016). The theory suggests that the management function include commanding, controlling and coordinating. Finally, another “theory of behavior management” was proposed by Elton Mayo that suggests that behavior management of organization is the key function of a manager. It includes team work management, leading, and conflict management, negotiating and training (Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015).