Using Eye-tracking system to develop Decision Support System or Encoding Decisions

In this article, it is being investigated whether or not eye tracking technology and eye fixation measurement can be used to develop a decision support system. If eye fixation of a particular person is examined one can have an insight of future decision or selection of that very person. Twenty-two people were observed when they were given different route options based on different parameters in Air Traffic Control Department. It was recorded that how much time an individual person’s eye spent on watching each parameter before deciding the route of their choice. Eye fixation on each parameter determines which parameters are of more importance to the user before making their decision. After the decision was made the decision, eye fixation dwell times and frequency of eye fixation of different parameters were observed.

 It came out that a person’s decision can be known beforehand using eye-tracking technology because this technology uses eye fixation measurement to determine which parameters a person is paying more attention to, taking parameters in consideration the decision of a person can be predicted. Furthermore, for producing any kind of decision support system based on eye-tracking, it should be observed carefully that what the final eye fixations were right before making a decision. Basically, this article emphasizes on how a system can be developed taking the user’s choices and interests into account. Using eye-tracking technology user’s choices can be predicted and their desired products can be developed.

Access of Efficiency and Workload of Eye-tracking technology and Brain-Computer Interface for Severe Motor Impairment patients: A Comparison of two technologies

In this article, it is tested whether BCI (Brain Computer Interface) or Eye Tracking technology is better for a person suffering from severe motor impairment. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a condition where a person gets his motor nerves damaged and is unable to move his muscles whenever and however wanted. People suffering from such kind of diseases are using eye-tracking technology but this is not used frequently because Brain-Computer Interface is used widely especially for people who are suffering from this disease severely. To prove that the efficiency of eye tracking technology is far more compared to Brain-Computer Interface scientists run a test on people suffering from motor nerves impairment. Random participants were selected and each was tested through spelling test using a visual p300 Brain Computer Interface and an eye tracker separately.

After the test cognitive workload for each system was measured. Information transfer rate (ITR) and System Usability Scale (SUS) for both of the systems were calculated and it was seen that both of the parameters (ITR and SUS) were far better when using eye trackers. BCI can be useful for people having severe disabilities but when it is compared to Eye Trackers using visual p300 the efficiency of BCI is quite inferior. In the future Eye trackers should be given more attention for motor impairments and producing paradigms for blinds.

Detection of Eye fatigue using Eye-tracking technology

In this article, the author reflects how a person can become a victim of eye fatigue due to excessive use of computers and other devices. Eye fatigue can’t be avoided but it can be detected by using the eye movement behavior in consideration by using an eye tracker. Behavioral scores of different people are analyzed which is actually the record of eye movements. Using an eye-tracker the eye movements are recorded these movements are of two types fixations and saccades. Saccades were usually used to detect eye fatigue. Saccades are too fast so that they need an eye tracker of high efficiency.

The author suggested that eye fatigues can also be detected by using fixations. Fixations are not so quick and they do not need as efficient eye trackers as are used for saccades. 36 people volunteered for this research and got their eye fatigue tested. In their behavioral scores, Fixational Qualitative Score was considered to be the most sensitive to eye fatigue. After this research, it was proved that eye fixations can be used to detect eye fatigue and it is considered to be more efficient and effective as compared to the other methods which were previously utilized. Previously used methods were not cost-effective and time consuming because they worked on the basis of saccadic movements and needed high-efficiency eye trackers. It will be easy to detect eye fatigue in future with low cost and higher efficiencywith the use of fixational qualitative score.

Usage of Eye Tracking technology to check the efficacy of Geography Course on Map-based Spatial Ability

In this paper, the author explains the importance of spatial ability in the study of the geography of a specific area. Map-based spatial ability is the key to Geography understanding. A research was conducted at a university in Beijing, China to understand that whether or not the map-based spatial ability is improved or enhanced by studying a geography course in depth. The university conducted this research by recruiting 55 undergraduates Beijing Normal University (BNU) which had not studied a Geography course. University tested the students by map-based spatial test before teaching them Geography course. They were tested again after studying a six months Geography course.

The accuracy in reading maps had increased by 22.3% and student’s response time had decreased 14.7% after the course they studied and training they received. Analysis of two eye movement behaviors showed that eye fixation duration had decreased by some 18.4% and it was quite noticeable. Before training students took more time to switch between two spatial maps but after the training switch time had a drastic reduction of 48.2% due to increased and improved understanding. So, training is important to enhance the understanding of students about the spatial maps. The results of map-based spatial ability test before and after studying the course were analyzed and compared and it was seen that map-based spatial ability had improved significantly after the training. Using these activities Geographic courses can be designed in a way which is more helpful in increasing the map-based spatial ability and understanding.

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