The chapter 3 of current research work is related to the methods used for the current study topic which is related to the identification of the extent for the payment card fraud that affect the UK users. This chapter contains the information for the research design, methodology of the research (i.e., the population of the study, sample size as well as the sampling strategy, data collection methods along with the use of the tools for data collection purposes). In current chapter, the analytical tools are also discussed. The main agenda behind doing this is to ensure that the research methodology tends to provide us with the expected outputs.

Research Design
Research Approach of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

As there exist varying study forms, based on the varying forms of the study, it is confirmed that the nature of the study is quantitative. The determination of the methodology is done as per the nature of the data. Verbal data exists for the qualitative methodology, whereas the numerical data exists for the quantitative methodology. The current study shows the existence of the numerical data type. For the said purpose, the self-administered survey is conducted. Due to the use of the questionnaire (for the data collection purposes), the numerical nature of the data is confirmed.

 Type of investigation of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The relationship of the study dependent and the independent variables is evaluated by the use of the correlation analysis. It better helped to get the desired outputs. The use of the correlation analysis is also desirable due to the numerical nature of the dataset.

The data for the current research work is collected by the use of the questionnaire which comprises of five-point likert scale. The suggestions for using the correlation analysis are also confirmed due to the use of the questionnaire. The questions enquired in the questionnaire also helped to identify how the study dependent variable is linked with the other independent variables. The regression analysis helped to evaluate the study hypotheses. The results of regression analysis helped to evaluate whether to accept or reject a specified hypothesis. It basically helped to check that how the change in one independent variable showed its impact on the study dependent variable.

Unit of Analysis of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

According to the topic of the study i.e., the identification of the extent for the payment card frauds that affect the UK users, the unit of analysis is a payment card user who tends to use the payment cards for making the payments in UK.

Time Horizon of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

     For the current research, the data is collected for just once without any revisions. It confirms the cross-sectional nature of the study. No follow-ups are required for getting the desired outcomes.

Research Strategy of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The data collection is based on the usage of the questionnaires. It is distributed among the users of the payment cards in UK.

Research Methodology of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The use of the questionnaire is perceived to be the easiest as well as the convenient method for the data collection purposes. For the current research work, self-administered survey better helped to gather the data. This survey is conducted with the intentions to achieve the purpose and the objectives of the current study. The questionnaire items comprise of five-point likert scale and the range for the said scale is 1 to 5. It is assumed that the questionnaire is accepted only in case the questionnaire is completed.

Population of the study of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

According to the unit of analysis i.e., a payment card user who tends to use the payment cards for making the payments in UK, the population of the study is all the payment card users in the UK.

Sample and sampling strategy of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

In order to represent the main interest of the study, the sample is used. It is considered to be the subset of the population. For the present research work, the sample size is 240 payment card users in the UK they can be associated with any of the UK banks. The sampling technique which is used for the current study is the non-probability convenient sampling technique. It means that the data is collected from those respondents who are willing to provide their responses.

Data Collection Method of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The collection of primary data for the current research work is based on the self-administered survey. For the said purpose, questionnaire is perceived to be the best fit to gather the data. From the previous research work, it is evident that the questionnaire tends to serve as a inexpensive and highly cheap method for the purposes of data collection. For the secondary data collection, already existing research models and the previous research work better served the purpose.

Measures of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The dependent variable for the current research is the payment card frauds. Security issues, Lack of knowledge, Technical issues are the independent variables. They all are measured on the five-point likert scale which has the range from 1 to 5. The range for the values is as given: 1= “strongly disagree,” 2= “disagree,”3=“neutral,” 4=“agree and 5=“strongly agree”). For the said purpose, the questionnaire is used as a measuring scale.

The reliability of the data set is evaluated based on the Cronbach Alpha Value. All the study variables are highly reliable due to the value of Cronbach Alpha greater than 0.70.

Pilot Study of To what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The validity as well as the reliability of the instrument is better evaluated through the pilot study. A sample of 20 payment card users in UK is taken for the purpose of the pilot study. For all the questionnaire items, the value of Cronbach Alpha is greater than 0.70. This value is if interpreted then it shows that the value of Cronbach Alpha greater than 0.70 depicts the high reliability of the data items.

Response rate of payment card fraud affect the UK users?

The survey is considered to be completed in case all the (240) questionnaires are being filled and returned. For the current research work the response rate is 85%.

Measurement Error of payment card fraud affect the UK users?

            The measurement error is used to determine the extent where the variables are calculated without providing the exact as well as the accurate desirable outcomes. The measurement errors cannot be avoided; it is almost unfeasible having the study outcomes without any measurement errors.

The possible measurement errors may have the faults related to the input of the data as well as the wrong interpretation of the outputs. There is a possibility to just minimize the measurement errors to the maximum possible extent. They cannot be eliminated completely. For the current study, the parameters that are adopted to minimize these measurement errors include as given: the data is encoded carefully along with the proper data entry to the excel sheet, the data is copied and pasted to the SPSS with due care and attention. Also, it is tried to interpret the data by taking into consideration the proper precautionary measures.

Data Analysis Software and techniques of payment card fraud affect the UK users

For the data analysis and the interpretation of the results, version 22 of the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is being used. The excel sheet is used to first organize and code the gathered data. The data from the excel sheet is then copied and pasted to the SPSS, Version 22. Different tests are performed in the SPSS. The Cronbach Alpha Value helped to determine the reliability of the data set. The association of the study dependent as well as the independent variables is evaluated by the use of correlation analysis. The acceptance or the rejection of the hypotheses is determined by the regression analysis. All the above said is performed by the use of SPSS.  The more the tools and the tests of SPSS are used the better it helped to get a deep insight to the study topic which is related to the identification of the extent for the payment card fraud that affect the UK users.

References of what extent does payment card fraud affect the UK users?

Accountants, C. I. o. M., 2018. Fraud risk management. ResearhGate, pp. 1-48.

Actionfraud, 2019. Store card fraud. [Online]
Available at: https://www.actionfraud.police.uk/a-z-of-fraud/store-card-fraud

Auditors, I., 2017. Managing the business risk of fraud. Science Direct, pp. 1-79.

Businessinsider, 2019. There's a good chance you're a victim of credit card scams and you don't even know it — here's what to do. [Online]
Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/credit-card-fraud-scam-what-to-do-2018-8

Chaudhary, K., Yadav, J. & Mallick, B., 2012. A review of fraud detection techniques: Credit card. International Journal of Computer Applications, 45(1), pp. 39-44.

Chaudhary, K., Yadav, J. & Mallick, B., 2012. A review of fraud detection techniques: Credit card. International Journal of Computer Applications, 45(1), pp. 39-44.

Chlotia, P. G. M. N., 2011. A longitudinal analysis of data breaches. Information management and comupter security, 19(4), pp. 216-230.

Consumerprotect, 2019. 11 Common types of credit card frauds and scams. [Online]
Available at: https://www.consumerprotect.com/crime-fraud/11-types-of-credit-card-fraud-scams/

Darmawan, S., 2017. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SKIMMING TECHNIQUE TOWARDS STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION. ResearchGate, Volume 5, pp. 2089-3345.

Finance, U., 2019. Fraud the facts 2019. Science Direct, pp. 1-53.

Fu, K., Cheng, D., Tu, Y. & Zhang, L., 2016. Credit card fraud detection using convolutional neural networks. International Conference on Neural Information Processing, pp. 483-490.

Jha, S., Guillen, M. & Westland, J. C., 2012. Employing transaction aggregation strategy to detect credit card fraud. Expert systems with applications, 39(16), pp. 12650-12657.

Moneyadviceservice, 2019. What is credit card fraud and how can I prevent it. [Online]
Available at: https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/blog/what-is-credit-card-fraud-how-prevent-it

Nga, J. K., Yong, L. H. & Sellappan, R., 2011. The influence of image consciousness, materialism and compulsive spending on credit card usage intentions among youth. Young Consumers, 12(3), pp. 243-253.

Patidar, R. & Sharma, L., 2011. Credit card fraud detection using neural network. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), 1(32-38).

Paymentscardsandmobile, 2019. Fraud Report: losses on UK-issued cards totalled £671.4 million in 2018. [Online]
Available at: https://www.paymentscardsandmobile.com/uk-fraud-report-2019/

Raj, S. B. E. & Portia, A. A., 2011. Analysis on credit card fraud detection methods. 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology (ICCCET), pp. 152-156.

Tej Paul Bhatla, V. P. &. A. D., 2010. Understandign Credit Card Frauds. Science Direct, pp. 1-15.