The Nadler-Tushman congruence model was basically developed for the first time in early years of 1980. This model was developed by organizational theories David Nadler and Michael Tushman. This model is considered to be one of the most significant and one of the most powerful tools which can be used by management in different organizations to identify the root causes related to different problems and issues prevailing in organization. It can also be used by the top level management of the organization to identify the solutions which can be implemented in order to fix the prevailing problems and issues in the organization. It is basically based on a basic principle and concept that all the teams working in organization can achieve success only when the work in the organization, the people doing the work in the organization, structure of the organization and culture of the organization are affiliated with each other. According to this model, it is important to have proper affiliation and relationship between work in the organization, people in the organization, organizational structure and culture prevailing in the organization. In other words, it's just that these four factors in the organization should be congruent. The theory further suggests that if any of these factors are not associated successfully with each other then it might enhance the problems prevailing in the organization.

The above figure provides the detail regarding the congruence model being discussed in this study. According to the above figure, there are inputs in an organization in shape of resources, strategy and environment. These inputs are then utilized in relation with work in organization, culture in organization, organizational structure and people working in the organization in order to ultimately produce output of the organization. This output of the organization can be the organizational performance or individual performance of employees working in the organization (mindtools, 2019).

It is important for any organization to make sure that all these identified four elements should be associated with each other in order to achieve success and to achieve the formulated goals and objectives in long run. For instance, it might be possible that organization might have brilliant people working at workplace but if the available culture of the organization is not good for the teams working at workplace then it might reduce their level of brilliance which will ultimately reduced their individual performance level influencing the organizational performance in negative manner.

In same manner, if the technology level available with the organization is satisfactory and latest but the decision making process in the organization is slow and problematic then and it will reduce the performance level of employees working in the organization and will create problems and issues for the teams at workplace to achieve the assigned goals and objectives.

Advantages of Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc.

There are different advantages and benefit of implementing congruence model in any organization. It is important to first understand the Dynamics and performance of the organization in order to apply congruence model. One of the most significant benefits of using this model is that it helps to analyze the performance of the organization and issues related to the performance of the organization. It helps to promote the level of understanding related to the performance of the organization. It helps to provide detailed information regarding the inputs, Strategies and organizational structure and also provides detailed information regarding the association between these elements prevailing in the organization. It is important for the organizations to achieve desired outputs and performance by utilizing the available resources in most effective and efficient manner. This can only be achieved when the management is capable of analyzing the resources of the organization on frequent basis and making sure that the resources are being effectively used to achieve the formulated goals and objectives of the organization (Markgraf, 2019).

Inputs of any organization are considered to be responsible for influencing the performance of the organization according to the organizational situation. It is important for the top level management to frequently analyze the input available with the organization and utilization of input in order to make sure that performance of the organization is being positively influence. Inputs are not only used by the organization in order to achieve revenue but it is also used in order to achieve goals and objectives related to social, economic and market position of the organization. Resources also include people, capital, technology and reputation of the organization. With the implementation of congruence model, management is able to frequently analyze these resources in order to make sure that they are sufficient for meeting the formulated goals and objectives of the organization.

It is important for organization to develop appropriate and relevant strategies which can be utilized in order to identify the required level of output related to products and services of the company by using the available inputs. This objective of the organization can be significantly achieved with the implementation of congruence model.

Disadvantages of Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc.

There are also some disadvantages of implementing congruence model. One of the most significant disadvantage of implementing this model is problems associated with implementation of this model. It is very difficult to identify the gap between the available Input and output of the organization. Theoretically speaking, it is easy to analyze the input and output of the organization but practically speaking it is very difficult. It is important to mention hair that different type of employees and different background of employees work in a single organization due to which a dynamic work place culture is prevailed. Congruence model does not include the dynamics of the workplace and dynamics of the organization while analyzing the organizational inputs and output in order to positively influence the overall performance of the organization. Overall disadvantages of implementing congruence model are very few as compared to advantages and benefits of implementing this model in any organization specifically in an organization in which large quantity of inputs and outputs are associated with achieving the formulated goals and objectives of the organization (Basu, 2019).

Usage of Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc.

In order to apply congruence model in any organization, it is important for the management to analyze the four basic components of this model which are people working in the organization, work being done in the organization, structure of the organization and culture prevails in the organization.

Work in an organization

This is the first element associated with this model. Under this element, it is important for the management to analyze the skills and knowledge required by individuals working in the organization in order to achieve the assigned task and requirements. It is important to analyze if mechanical or creative type of knowledge is required in order to achieve the requirements mentioned in job description. It is important to understand the workflow in the organization to identify appropriate approaches which can be implemented for best work.

People in an organization:

This is the second element of this model which needs to be analyzed before formulating the model for the organization. This is associated with identification of factors like education, experience, skills and knowledge available with employees working in the organization. It is also important to identify that how the employees will be satisfied regarding the salary packages, compensation and rewards at workplace. Organization should also analyze the commitment of the employees at workplace towards the organization and there career progression expectations towards the organization.

Organizational structure of Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc:

This is the third element of the congruence model which must be analyzed in order to identify the problems prevailing in the company and providing appropriate solutions for the identified problems. This stage is related to identification of structure prevailing in the organization, system prevailing in the organization and process being followed by the organization. This will also analyze the business units for business decisions in the organization. Analyzing the rules and regulations, policies and incentive schemes and rewards should also be included under organizational structure.

Culture of Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc:

This element of the model is considered to be one of the most influencing models but it is very difficult to analyze anything related to culture. This is mostly because of the fact that organizational culture is a subjective matter and it is very difficult to formulate any opinion related to organizational culture. It might be possible that a specific culture prevailing in the organization might be considered as a positive culture by a specific employee and that same culture might be considered as a negative culture by another employee working in the same organization at same workplace.

Second stage is associated with formulating the relationship between the identified four elements. It is important to analyze the relationship between the work and the people. Relationship between work and structure as well as structure and people should also be analyzed. Relationship prevailing between people and culture, culture and work, structure and culture should also be analyzed.

After analyzing the prevailing relations between the identified elements, it is important to highlight the identified problems and provide appropriate solutions to them. Providing appropriate solutions will not help the organization to resolve them but making sure that the congruence model is sustained in the organization practically will help the management of the organization to resolve the identified issues.

Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc.

In this assignment, I have selected Apple incorporation in order to analyze the congruence model in relation with apple incorporation. Apple incorporation which is formerly known as Apple Computer Company was founded back in 1976. It is a public limited company and the shares of Apple incorporation there are being traded at NASDAQ. This company is operating under different industries like computer hardware, consumer electronics, computer software, digital distribution, Financial Technology, Financial Services, corporate venture capital and semiconductors. The founders of this company were Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak headquarter of this company is located in California, United States. This company is providing its services to customers from 500 + retail stores in different locations around the globe. Company is associated with providing services to customers around the globe. Approximately 132,000 employees are working in this company in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization (Richardson & Terrell, 2008).

Apple Corporation is considered to be one of the biggest Corporations around the globe as far as revenues are concerned, according to the 2018 financial statements of the company, total revenue of the company were approximately 265 billion US dollars. As far as Information Technology Sector is concerned, Apple incorporation is considered to be the world's largest information technology company when it comes to revenue and it is also considered to be the third largest mobile phone company around the globe after Samsung and Huawei. In August 2018, Apple incorporation was able to be valued for more than 1 trillion US dollars for the first time in the history of public companies in United States. Company is responsible for operating in 24 different countries around the globe as of 2018 and it is further increasing its presence around the globe by directly opening its official outlets in other countries as well. According to the January 2018 estimates provided by the company, approximately more than 1.3 billion Apple products are being used by different users around the globe. This is a significant amount which clearly fattest the size of the company and the output level of the company. Apple incorporation has a very high and significant level of brand loyalty and Apple incorporation has been ranked as the most valuable organization around the globe.

Key Components of Environment of Apple Inc.

Organizations are mostly influenced by the environment in which they are operating. Management of the organization is also and lowest by the environment in which that specific organization is operating. Organizations might have internal and external environment. Internal environmental factors are mostly studied by using SWOT analysis while external environmental factors are mostly studied by using PEST analysis.

Internal Environment of Apple Inc

As far as internal environment of Apple incorporation is concerned, the company has established a strong brand name in market and it is well recognized among the potential customers and stakeholders in market. Company enjoys a very strong brand name as compared to its competitors and rival in same industry. Apple incorporation is considered to be a comparatively advanced company mostly because of the fact that Innovation and Research are considered to be the primary significant factors in the organization in order to be successful as compared to the competitors in same industry.

Research, Development and innovation are considered to be the most significant internal elements prevailing in the internal environment of Apple incorporation. With implementation of effective research and development, Apple incorporation is able to introduce innovative products and services frequently as compared to the competitors in same industry. This sense of innovation has strongly contributed towards the internal environment prevailing in the organization. Another significant internal environmental factor for Apple incorporation is strong customer reality and quality. Because of the quality of the products, Apple incorporation has a strong loyal relation with its customers.

External Environment of Apple Inc

Apple incorporation is operating in different countries around the globe. Due to this fact, the company is required to face different types of political systems and authorities prevailing in different countries. It is important for the management to make sure that they have appropriate future revenue enhancement policies to make sure that organization can tackle political unrest prevailing in host countries.

As far as economics factors are concerned under external environment, different host countries of Apple incorporation have different economical state of affairs and inflation rate due to which it is important for the management to make sure that they have appropriate pricing strategy and promotional Strategies for different countries around the globe in order to tackle issues related to economics instability.

Another significant external environmental factor for Apple incorporation is significant amount of competition from competitors. Samsung is considered to be one of the most significant competitors of Apple incorporation. Although, operating system in mobile phones offered by Samsung are different from the operating system in mobile phones offered by Apple incorporation but still Samsung has a significant amount of capability and capacity to increase their market share and it might negatively influence the market share of Apple Incorporation at global level.

Strategy at Apple Inc:

Apple incorporation business strategy can be associated with implementation of vertical integration mostly because of the fact that the company has advanced in different types of expertise like hardware, software and services at same time. Vertical integration business strategy of Apple incorporation is considered to be one of the most significant competitive advantages for the company as compared to the competitors prevailing in the market (Trinh, 2009).

Another significant key business strategy of Apple incorporation is implementation of innovation and research in order to continuously improve the products and services offered to customers. With implementation of innovation strategy, management of Apple incorporation is always focused towards the need to promote simplicity in its products and services. This strategy has been a successful strategy for the company from the past 30 years. Strategy of product innovation has been implemented in the organization across the entire product and services line offered by the company to its potential customers (Pineda, 2017).

Formal System of Apple Inc

Formal system is considered to be one of the most significant aspects of any organization and it is associated with overall nature of the organization and operational activities of the organization. Apple incorporation is an American multinational corporation under Technology industry. The company headquarters are located in California, United States. This company is focused towards design, development and selling of different consumer electronics, computer related software’s and online services to customers around the globe. Company is associated with designing, manufacturing and marketing of different mobile devices and mobile communication products. Company is also focused towards design, manufacturing and selling of personal computers and portable digital devices and music players to customers around the globe. Apple Incorporation is also focused towards providing services to customers related to networking solutions and third party digital content and applications. This information regarding the operational activities of Apple incorporation suggests that the number of products and services offered by Apple incorporation are very huge. Formal system of Apple incorporation is associated with these all products and services offered by Apple incorporation to its potential customers around the globe.

Key Individuals of Apple Inc

Apple Incorporation was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976. Tim Cook is the current chief executive officer of Apple incorporation. Katherine Adams is the current senior Vice President and general counsel at Apple incorporation. Angela Ahrendts is the senior Vice President Retail sector of Apple incorporation. Eddy Cue is the senior Vice President of internal software and services at Apple incorporation. Craig Federighi is the senior Vice President of software engineering at Apple incorporation. These are the key top level individuals working currently at Apple incorporation and they are focused towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organization and making sure that the employees working in the organization appropriately working to meet the formulated goals and objectives (apple, 2019).

Model Implementation at Apple Incorporation in Transformational stage:

Steve Jobs managed Apple incorporation as chief executive officer of the company for 14 years. After he passed away, position of Steve Jobs was replaced by Tim Cook and Apple incorporation has observed significant changes under the management of Tim Cook. All these changes in Apple incorporation under the leadership of Tim Cook has been applied by using the congruence model. Usage of this model in Apple Corporation is relevant because this company has a strong history of transforming its organizational structure and culture in recent years. One of the most significant examples of such transformation in Apple incorporation is decision of the company to market their apple watch in recent years. The first element of congruence model has been applied in Apple incorporation in a sense that management of the company finally came to know that how they need to introduced their product in market and what is expected from their product in market. In order to you make sure that the work related to the product is successful, the company management formulated different planning committee in order to analyze that what the customers of the organization are expecting from the company in case of Apple watch. From there, the top level management of the company decided to make sure that top 8 manufacturers of Apple incorporation working in different countries should be able to perform their work and order to complete launch of this new product according to the intentions of the top level management. One of the most significant aspect related to this element is that the top level management and employees working at Apple Incorporation understood that design perspective is one of the most significant perspective for launch of Apple watch, and they formulated their anticipated workflow patterns in order to make sure that the design is formulated according to the requirements of the customers in order to make the product a successful one.

Second element of the model was applied to Apple incorporation in a sense that the company was required to make sure that each of their manufacturing related aspects have employed proper required individuals in order to complete the job and make the new product without any mistakes or need of doing rework. It was important to make sure that appropriate individuals and employees are recruited and used to make the product as intended. Given the details of the products, it was mandatory for the top level management to make sure that the product is manufactured in such a manner that it could satisfy the needs of their potential customers. In order to do so, management even allowed the manufacturing related employees working at Apple incorporation to take appropriate and additional time by only accepting online orders from internet instead of piling up the stocks in warehouse or stores related to the apple watch. This would not only help the management to reduce the cost related to logistics but will also help the organization to reduce the cost related to storage of available stock.

Third element of the model which is organizational structure has been applied at Apple incorporation in such a manner that management of the company formulated a special quality control system and quality control process to make sure that the total quality during the manufacturing process is met. In order to test the manufactured products and the quality of the products, some of the test products were sent to their official outlets and stores in order to collect the feedback from the potential customers. This activity was implemented by the management to make sure that the organizational activities are appropriately affiliated with the partners and the potential customers and to make sure that the design requirements of the customers have been achieved.

Last and the fourth element of culture of this model can be applied to Apple incorporation by looking towards the effects of the top level management in engaging the employees at Apple incorporation in the development and production of new Apple watch product. In addition to inclusion of employees in development and production of the new product, the company also provided opportunity to their employees to test the first batch of the new product and provide feedback to management in order to improve the newly manufactured product. This opened a new line of communication between the top level executives of the company and the middle level employees working at Apple incorporation. This culture in Apple Incorporation increase the confidence level of the employees and motivational level of the employees and their Association with top level management was also positively influence. Employees spelt that they are contributing significantly in team instead of just working in the organization. These types of activities positively influence the culture prevailing in the organization and their positively influence the performance and behavior of employees at individual level which eventually improves the overall performance level of the organization.

Overall, this model is suitable for the situation of Apple incorporation related to launch of new product apple watch. Practical decisions made by the top level management of Apple incorporation are according to the learning’s provided by this model. It has been verified that each and every element is included in this model is responsible for playing a significant role. It has been observed that in order to maximize the benefit from this model, it is important that the management should make sure that all the elements included in this model are tied together and implemented together in a proper line of association. It is also important to mention that technique utilized to align these elements is important for the outcome of this model. The overall performance and outcome is influenced by the technique with which this model has been implemented by the top level management. As far as apple incorporation is concerned, it can be easily concluded that the top level management of the company was very quick to identify the relevant elements of this model and they were able to make sure that all the elements of this model work together. This can be concluded by the fact that total sales of the Apple watch was more than 4.5 million just after 2 months of its availability in the market (roughlydraftedbeta, 2018). These figures were significantly higher as compared to the sales of iPhone when it was launched in the market way back in 2007. This clearly suggest that the top level management was able to properly and efficiently implement congruence model at Apple incorporation and was able to make sure that all the elements of the model are properly aligned with each other during implementation.

Desired Output and Achievement of Apple Inc

Management of Apple incorporation was able to successfully incorporate the elements of congruence model in order to achieve the desired objectives. The desired objectives of management of Apple incorporation were to have a successful launch of their new product and they were able to achieve their formulated objectives with effective implementation of congruence model. Congrats model is a significant tool which is used in order to align drivers in order to achieve high performance. Model has the capacity to analyze whether the organization is working according to the decide requirements or not. It also provides the opportunity to the management to improve the problems prevailing in the organization by identifying those problems. Four basic elements of this model which are work, people, structure and culture were effectively and properly implemented by the management of Apple Incorporation in order to make sure that the new product launch by Apple incorporation is a successful launch. Sales of the new Apple watch product were higher than the iPhone in 2007 launched which clearly set is that this model helped the management to make the product launch successful.

Individual Level analysis of Employees at Apple Inc

Factors like research and development are considered to be the primary factors in the success of Apple incorporation. Top level management provides an open culture to employees working at Apple incorporation in order to provide innovative ideas to management and to contribute towards the research oriented culture of the organization. Because of this culture prevailing in the organization, all the employees working in the organization are specialist in their own work which they are doing which suggests that work specialization has been implemented at individual level in the organization. Meetings are conducted on daily basis in order to analyze the goals assigned to the Employees and output by the employees in order to analyze whether the assigned goals will be achieved or not. The amount of employees with apple incorporation is significant and most of the employees working at Apple incorporation have high level of skills due to which they are able to manufacture the innovative products and are able to provide better services with implementation of work specialization culture in the organization. In order to formulate Association between the employees working in the organization, top level management has implemented flat organizational structure in order to make sure that chain of command between the employees working in the organization promotes activities related to research and development. Due to this fact, chain of command prevailing in Apple Incorporation is very short from top level management to bottom staff.

Organizational level analysis of Apple Inc:

After analyzing the Apple incorporation from organizational perspective, it can be suggested that Apple incorporation is a centralized company. This is the significant reason due to which Apple incorporation is considered to be the largest Technology oriented Organization in the world which was formulated by a single person Steve Jobs. Company planned a high capital investment of approximately eight billion US dollars back and 2012 and was able to implement this strategy successfully by investing this significant amount of capital related to technology oriented activities. It is important to understand that technological oriented businesses are profit oriented now days. This provides a significant opportunity for Apple incorporation as an organization to improve their performance in future. It is important for the management of Apple incorporation to make sure that the maintain their level of Technology in order to effectively compete with competitors in market and in order to make sure that they do not lose their customer base. Due to these factors, organizational level of Apple incorporation can be associated with a centralized company. Apple incorporation has significant amount of detailed experience related to international business operations due to which this company can be categorized as the most complimented organization around the globe.

Groups level analysis of Apple Inc:

Apple incorporation is following departmentalization system in their organization. Under the current chief executive officer of Apple incorporation, there are approximately 13 different departments operating in order to achieve the formulated goals and objectives of the organization. Every department has its own group of employees and the group of employees is managed by the Department Head for each department. Each department is assigned different goals and all these goals are associated with each other in order to make sure that the overall goals and objectives of the organization are achieved in long run.

Investment on research and development is considered to be one of the most significant aspect at Apple incorporation. Top level management makes sure that research and development is implemented not only at organizational level but also at group level and individual level. According to the financial reports of Apple incorporation, company was able to spend more than approximately 3.4 billion US dollars during the first quarter of 2018 related to research and development. These funds were used by the top level management of Apple incorporation to use new initiatives and Technology in order to make sure that company remains competitive in market and is able to stay on top especially when it comes to technology.

Top level management of Apple incorporation says that most of the budget related to research and development is utilized in order to develop new and updated products and services for the customers of the company and this strategy is closely associated with the company's core business strategy. This clearly stated that there is association between the organizational Strategies and department strategies in order to make sure that the cause and objectives of the organization are achieved. Research and development is one of the most significant departments of Apple incorporation which is considered to be the backbone of the company and is responsible for continuously improving the research and development level in the organization to continuously introduce new and updated products and services (Campbell, 2018).

Organizational, Group and Individual Level at Apple Incorporation:

Analysis of group level, organizational level and individual level performances in Apple incorporation clearly suggest that there is one common aspect at every level in Apple incorporation which is focus on research and development. All the levels of the organization are focused towards enhancing the level of innovation prevailing in the organization. All the employees whether they are working individually or they are working in team are highly motivated and encouraged to share innovative ideas at workplace to make sure that Apple incorporation maintain its Supremacy in technological sector by maintaining its high level of innovation and Research. Every year, Apple incorporation allocates significant amount of budget to research and development in order to make sure that new innovative and Research oriented products can be introduced in market frequently. This will not only help the company to increase their market share but will also help them to maintain their market royalty with their customer base.

Aspects having difficulty to understand of Apple Inc

Apple incorporation has implemented well structured centralized system in their Organization in order to make sure that the secrets of the organization are not leaked by any employee. That is why, it has been observed that swift code of secrecy has been implemented by the top level management and all the employees are required to follow the code in order to make sure that Secrets of the company stays within the company. Anyone who breaks the secrets of the company will be fired accordingly. Due to this, most of the employees rarely publicly make statements regarding Apple Incorporation and even they do not talk about what it is like to work in Apple incorporation. It was very difficult to analyze the exact culture prevailing at workplace of Apple incorporation because very few employees provided some information regarding this in past publicly.

Apple incorporation is considered to be one of the most significant companies in Information Technology Sector. Despite of this achievement, there are many criticisms against Apple incorporation related to labor practices implemented by the contractor CEO of Apple incorporation. Most of these criticisms are related to environmental practices and unethical business practices by the contractor of Apple Corporation. Some of these unethical business practices includes anti competitive behavior by the contractor as of the Apple incorporation. This is a massive concern for the future performance of the company and the value of the company in market. I am not able to understand that despite of this significant amount of Criticism, still Apple incorporation has not taken required significant steps in order to make sure that unethical business practices could be avoided by the contractors of Apple incorporation.

Conclusion on Nadler-Tushman congruence model at Apple Inc.

There are different factors responsible for playing significant role in organizational success. With the passage of time, organization may find that at their current operations and business activities are not enough to meet the formulated goals and objectives of the organization and current scenario is not suitable for the success of the organization. It is that point at which top level management and executives of the company needs to look towards framework of their organizational performance. By looking towards the framework of the organizational performance, top level management and executives are able to identify the need for change in order to make sure that the formulated goals and objectives are achieved by the performance of the company and it is also important to make sure that company remain competitive in market. There are many techniques which can be utilized in order to decide that how the company will implement change and how these changes would influence the performance of the organization. One of the relevant tools is known as Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model.

Overall, this paper provided a significant detailed overview regarding the explanation of Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model and how this model is implemented by the top executives and management of the company. Paper analyzed the implementation of this model and Association of this model with each area of the relevant operations. Additionally, this paper also focuses towards the fact that how this model is associated with organizational change specifically in relation with apple incorporation. Paper analyzed that how this model helped the objectives and top level management of Apple incorporation in order to tackle the launch of the new product apple watch few years ago.

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