Report on Literature Review of Application of architectural solutions

According to the research study of Kanani, Dawood, and Vukovic (2017), the population of Saudi Arabia is growing and the country is experiencing the need for new houses and residential buildings. Expansion in the infrastructure itself is quite expensive however, the overall budget of households increases when they pay the high cost for electricity to the heating and cooling system of houses against the weather conditions. Researchers found that a percentage of electricity consumption for the cooling system is many times double than the use of electricity for home appliances. Considering research findings household needs to have a proper cooling system in the infrastructure and architecture of the houses. Analyzing available options to reduce energy consumption, researchers claimed that people of Saudi Arabia can save around 30 percent energy consumption in case they use polyurethane insulation for external walls (Kanani, Dawood, & Vukovic, 2017).

In accordance with the research findings of Almatawa, Elmualim, and Essah (2012) sustainable development is now a concerning topic all over the globe. Excessive use of energy reduce sustainability and cause to increase in environmental impact and financial issues. High electricity expenses for the purpose of cooling houses and workplaces are critical for budgets. However, planning a vernacular design is an excellent strategy to meet low energy consumption objectives. Considering research findings researchers recommended that houses should be made comfortable and cool in hot weather by adding palm tree materials and thick walls (Almatawa, Elmualim, & Essah, 2012).

Summarizing the research findings of Olowu, Sundararajan, Moghaddami, and Sarwat (2018) it is clear that materials have a direct impact on the energy consumption level in a building. Electricity used in the building to control temperature and manage the temperature inside the building against increasing or decreasing temperature outside the building is inevitable. The researcher suggested that some technical changes and penetrations are required for improved energy consumption systems in the buildings. Researchers mainly suggested remedies and future steps to deal with these issues appropriately. PV integrated network in the residential buildings is prominently reliable for the modern architecture system to prevent overconsumption of energies including electricity by maintaining an optimal level of cooling inside the building (Olowu, Sundararajan, Moghaddami, & Sarwat, 2018).

A research study was organized in 2013 by Hernández, Baladron, Aguiar, and Carro to explain power plant operations and the demand of consumers based on consumption level. According to this research, energy demand is increasing in underdevelopment countries. Energy consumption is high because of the excessive and unnecessary use of electricity in the houses and workplaces. Researchers explained global challenges for the efficient use of energy resources and sustainable development are still requiring government action and strategies for better control of energy consumption. The architecture of building and houses directly indicate the requirement of energy. Houses made of modern heat consuming materials can reduce electricity demand and also control their financial expenditures (Hernández, Baladron, Aguiar, & Carro, 2013).

Research findings of an empirical research study held by Nair, Gustavsson, & Mahapatra in 2010 concluded that in developing countries government is concerned with the energy efficiency of the building. Researchers indicate that demographic factors such as age, gender, and social status play a significant role in investment-related decisions to select the most effective and energy-efficient plan for the cooling system at home. Survey-based results concluded that in European countries energy-efficient infrastructure is becoming trendy and households are investing in modern construction materials to save the cost of electricity in the future. Energy-efficient materials in construction are climate-friendly products that enable a country to for sustainable development and controlled electricity expenditures (Nair, Gustavsson, & Mahapatra, 2010).

Elaborating on construction material used in buildings for energy efficiency researchers Rao, Parameshwaran, and Ram (2018) concluded that inclusion of PCM causes to enhance complexity in the construction materials behaviors. However, PCM in construction material also provides temperature variation attenuating capacity and energy storage density. The researcher reviewed various construction materials and discuss the disadvantages and advantages of construction materials specifically organic non-paraffin materials. Some commonly used organic materials are classified as non-paraffins and paraffin materials. Based on the comparative analysis of both kinds of materials researchers concluded that reliable, chemically stable and cheaper materials are usually paraffin which is also known as corrosion-resistant materials (Rao, Parameshwaran, & Ram, 2018). Researchers conclude that thermally efficient materials used in the construction process can decrease fluctuations in the temperature of buildings and enable infrastructure to add a cooling system in the building. Thus the use of these thermally efficient materials can also reduce cooling loads in the buildings by reducing the requirement for air conditioners and electric cooling systems.

Research findings of Feng (2004) are evident in the benefits of energy-efficient construction materials. According to the research finding, adding medium-thick construction material with a concrete clock around the exterior walls are in trend. Thermal inertia and air conditioning methods are important to consider while planning for house construction. The researcher added that heat resistance can be increased with roof insulation and aerated concrete block thus natural ventilation and improved construction materials save from expensive electric cooling systems (Feng, 2004).

Peruzzi, Salata, Vollaro, and Vollaro organized a research study in 2014 to explain the reliability of technological systems for the control of energy consumption in residential buildings. According to the researcher's use of cooling materials and temperature controlling materials in the construction are connected with a decrease in electricity consumption in the residential buildings.  Raw materials of the organic and chemical mixture are having the capability to distribute thermal energy (Peruzzi, Salata, Vollaro, & Vollaro, 2014). According to research, government and architecture societies, and the electricity regulatory department should spread awareness in the consumers regarding effective and controlled use of electricity to help them save energy as well as money.

Additionally, a team of researcher from the department of industrial and system engineering in western universities (USA) found that outside wall materials, building square feet, and insulator materials used in the construction process of houses has a direct impact on electricity used in the houses for the control of temperature. According to the results of the survey, the majority of people were having issues regarding monthly electricity and gas expenditures. Residents living in the houses made of energy-efficient behavior are taking financial benefits because of control over expenditures (Mardookhy, Sawhney, Ji, Zhu, & Zhou, 2013).

In the light of information extracted from the research article by Lang (2004), it is clear that solid bricks used in the exterior wall have a heat transfer coefficient around 1.57 and heat loss 26.6%. While the highest k value (heath transfer coefficient) was for single glazed (6.40) and plate steel used in the exterior window and balcony door infiltration (6.40). Somehow the least k value is for reinforced concrete materials which are the components of the floor (Lang, 2004).

A research study conclusively conducted in the Mediterranean region by Jaber and Ajib (2011) show that the fabric of high rise buildings in the area of Hong Kong has some applications of thermal insulation. Thermal insulation enables the buildings to transfer heat. Rock wool and insulated building contribute to saving $21 per square area of buildings. Mathematical practices are common to calculate the sizes of windows and doors in the houses. However, polymer materials use and organic materials used in residential houses are the most economical way to save electricity costs to be paid with monthly utility bills (Jaber & Ajib, 2011).

Conclusively Morrissey and Horne wrote in a research article (2011) that the use of energy-efficient construction materials cost applies in the building construction cost which results in the increase of overall construction cost for the household. However, the average profit gain from adding triangulated materials and energy-efficient materials is greater than the cost incurred to make a building efficient against climate changes and external temperature. Common material costs for construction materials such as glass wool insulation wall and glass wool insulation materials for cleaning are $3.50 and $5.20 per square meter in Australia. However, the expected to reduce electricity bills was around 110 and in a specified period (Morrissey & Horne, 2011).

Following the research findings of Lopes, Hokoi, Miura, and Shuhei conducted in 2005, residents use HVAC systems to manage the temperature in the buildings. Electricity data obtained from the market indicate that electricity consumption and current intensity. Some home appliances are refrigerators, lights, and house cooling machines which as a certain level of electricity consumption. Through the use of locally available construction materials, people can avoid huge electricity bills. Characteristics of building materials project further requirement for the installation of the HVAC system and air conditioning systems. Fully efficient energy consumption materials require limited electricity in the building that prevents extra electricity expenditure and enable households to pay monthly electricity bills easily (Lopes, Hokoi, Miura, & Shuhei, 2005).

Conclusively it can be said that literature review, construction materials used in the infrastructure and architecture are profit-oriented and cost-saving options for residents of Suadi Arabia. High electricity bills can be controlled and buildings can be made protective.

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References of Application of architectural solutions

Besheer, A., & Hamidi, W. D. (2012). Design procedures for an average Saudi villa using integrated green building techniques. ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2012, 01(02), 01-10.

Dubey, K., Howarth, N., & Krarti, M. (2017). Evaluating Building Energy Efficiency Investment Options for Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center.

Export. gov. (2018). Saudi Arabia - AEC. Retrieved from www.export.gov: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Saudi-Arabia-Architecture-Engineering-and-Construction

Feng, Y. (2004). Thermal design standards for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer/cold winter zones. Energy and Buildings, 36, 1309-1312.

kanani, A. A. ( 2017 ). Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Springer International Publishing AG.

Kanani, A. A., Dawood, N., & Vukovic, V. (2019). Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Springer International Publishing, 130-139.

Lang, S. (2004). Progress in energy-efficiency standards for residential buildings in China. Energy and Buildings, 36(12), 1191-1196.

Lopes, L., Hokoi, S., Miura, H., & Shuhei, K. (2005). Energy efficiency and energy savings in Japanese residential buildings—research methodology and surveyed results. Energy and Buildings, 37(7), 698-706.

Mardookhy, M., Sawhney, R., Ji, S., Zhu, X., & Zhou, W. (2013). A study of energy efficiency in residential buildings in Knoxville, Tennessee. Journal of Cleaner Production, 85(15), 1-9.