Report on analysis reactive route Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

1. Introduction of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector is designed for ad hoc mobile networks because is the routing protocol. AODC is capable of the multicast as well as unicast routing, where it also creates the different routes by using the request of routes and the route reply to the query cycles. The sources nodes already have the RREQ “route; it broadcasts a route request” because it wants the route of destination which it does not have. For the wireless mesh network the DSR “Dynamics routing protocol” is used, which also has the two processes for the route discovery and route maintenances. The source routing is used by the dynamic source routing, which is also relying on routing table for every intermediate device [1]. Different routing protocols like the DSR, AODV have been proposed for the routing data packet in ad hoc network, and it is proposed on the routing protocols.  In AODV the route discovery initiated prior to the link establishments of the data communications, and this research is focused on the effects for the route side, which holds the time parameters for the performance of AODV, and it is indicated by the packet delivery rate. The purpose of this paper is to identify and study analysis of AODV by using the SUMO tools, which are traffic web tools and it is located in Los Angeles [2].

This study analyzed the performance of the AODV, and the worked on different parameters like the data lose, receives rate, throughput, Packet received, packet delivery, delay, transmission power, and rate. According to the results, the number of the vehicle nodes, which also affects the performances and number of nodes, is better than the throughput plus the fewer number packets observed. By using SUMO tools and the NS3, the practical simulations are observed [3].

2. Literature Review  of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

According to the author Singhal & al (2019), it is conducted that the analysis of the  ADOV , DSR, by using the SUMO tool and the differed metrics are proposed.whereas ADOV is the distance vector which is responsive for the routing algorithm and its works into two stages.

·         Route maintenance

·         Route Discovery 

This convention also used the regular directing tables, which also has one entry for the goal and sequences, and it also checks the freshness of routing data for directing tables plus avoids the routing trap. There are three route control bundles for looking and finding the routing path that is specified by the AODV;

·         Route request

·         Route reply

·         Route error [4]

There are different examinations that are executed by the assistance of the system, the system NS3, and for different situations, the portability of vehicles is multiple by SUMO that is exceptionally prevalent for open-source software. In the reactive routing the information is stored it initiated by route discovery when the need for sources node is required. The route is maintained through the procedure maintenance of route, and until this route has no longer destination and longer accusable from all the routes.

According to the Author Alaparthi & al (2019), it is conducted that the DSR protocols offer less bandwidth, which has low mobility, and it is the one on-demand routing protocols that also determine the routes which are demanded .For the routing, the DSR is more suitable to the ad hoc network, which is very understood into the two parts by route maintenances and route discovery. For the corresponding node the routing table is searched for route, which also determines the through sending route request messages. AODV is the protocols that belong the category of on-demand routing protocols, and it is also in sequence number and use through the algorithm, which ensures the uniqueness plus updating of route. AODV is the loop-free protocols which apart from scalability, and it process is better to understand the following subscriptions. Route request, which is requested through the source node and the situations demand which is initiating the route request messages that are forwarded through intermediate nodes by recording the ID of requesting nodes which find the route or destinations [5]

3. Methodology of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

In the study analysis of reactive route of “AODV” and DSR protocols, the “SUMO” tool is used; SUMO is web traffic tools “Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) is supports the OMNET veins and simulations tools. SUMO is also explained as a road traffic simulator that also provides the necessary information for the current conditions of traffic of roads. It is due to that, on the roads there could be high possibilities for the high congestions of occurrences [6]

Performance analysis

In order to find the performance of AODV routing protocols there are the following metrics which is considered;

a)      Receive Rate

The important feature in the AODV, like the Received rate, has genetic algorithms. When the intermediate node receives the RRQE message then it appends the address and forwards against. 

b) Packet loss

There is the number of packets that are not successfully delivered to the designations is known as packet loss.

c) Packets Received

These parameters measure the successful packets received at the final designations, which are sending from the sender [7].

Graph: packet received

The above graph is shown about the calculations of the receiving packets rate, and the numbers of the packets sent per second are determined.

d) Mac PHY overhead of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

The Mac PHY overhead has measured the nodes for the different densities and motilities. Modeling of the Mac PHY overhead for the routing protocols is done at the link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). As the PHY/MAC overhead layers implementation affects the routing protocols in ad hoc networks, which also present the simulations and analysis of two reactive protocols, DSR and AODV [8].

f) Throughput of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

The north worthy factors are the throughput, which is selecting the execution proportion as well as it is also taken the normal number of different parcels that are effectively conveyed on the system and the system hub. It means that the throughput is determined the number of the got parcels where the goals out of the absolutes are transmitted the bundles form a sourcing hub.  Throughput is measured in information bundle for every second, and in bytes/seconds

g) Delay

Among the successfully delivery packet at destinations of node and generation of the packet in the source node, the average time interval is consumed.  

h) Transmission power and rate

For every station to obtain the coverage of the distances for the 100m; which was utilized as is known as the transmission power;

Whereas in the above equation, P is the transmission power and D is the coverage distance. Now in the below graphs, the transmission power of the AODV and the DSR is determined as per seconds.

Graph: transmission power of AODV

Graph: transmission power of DS

4. Results of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Simulations  were  executed  using  NS3,  which offers  a  scalable  simulation  environment  for  wireless network systems. A number of simulation scenarios were approved out through using simulation metrics like receives rates, Mac PHY overhead and Packet received.  Simulation results showed that DSR and AODV.  AODV is suitable for both 802.11 & CSMA protocols of MAC.

Now the research paper is about AODV and DSR. So first explain the DSR and put their different grasps;

Ø  Dynamic Routing Protocols (DSR)

The DSR is the reactive ad hoc routing protocols plus it also has two main operations;

§  Route discovery

§  Route maintenances

To get the route for another node, the route discovery is used for this. In the transmission nodes, DSR reflects the nodes of AODV which is forming on-demand routing. In the different cases it used the sources of routing for intermediate gadgets, which is also opposed to hanging the routing table. DSR routing is used for the mobile hubs in ad hoc network for multihop wireless hubs. When the nodes generation for the route error packets occurs then the maintenances route of phase is started [9].

Graph: Mac PHY overhead of DSR

Graph: Packet received of DSR

Graph: received rate of DSR

In the above three graphs, the results are simulated in NS3 and its indicator simulations results of DSR, there are three performance metrics , like Mac PHY overhead , receive rate , packets receives  of the DSR routing protocols. Every and each simulation of the DSR routing protocols represented their unique abilities in the routings.

Ø  Ad-hoc on-demand Distance-Vector Routing (AODV)

AODV is the reactive routing protocols , in the AODV there are four types of messages ;

§  Route Request (RREQ)

§  Route Reply (RREP)

§  Route Error (RERR)

§  HELLO (to monitor the link status).

RREQ broadcast message in the AODV only needs the discovery paths for designations, and these messages are propagated in nodes networks, and it is also used to update their routing tables through information of message constrains. All these messages constrain has sequence numbers for the final designations that must be equal or greater than the nodes number, and destination of the several nodes has fresh updates for the target nodes, and it replies by the RREP messages [7].

Graph : Receive rate of AODV

Graph : Packet Receive of AODV

Graph : Mac PHY overhead of AODV

In above figure receives rate is shown in the routing protocols of AODV. In the above three graphs, the results are simulated in NS3 and its indicator simulations results of AODV, there are three performance metrics , like Mac PHY overhead , receive rate , packets receives  of the DSR routing protocols. Every and each simulation of the AODV routing protocols represented their unique abilities in the routings.

In the result section , for simulations the SUMO tools are used, and NS3 simulations are done , first take the 100 nodes as total number of nodes . Whereas the size of the packet is about the 100 bytes as well as the mobility types in a random waypoint. There are maximum number of simulations seconds are 100

5. Future Work of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

For future work, the other metrics like SNR would be investigated with a change in AODV parameters. By the greater details, an effect of the increasing number of stations is also examined.

6. Concussion of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Summing up all the discussion, it is concluded that the paper is about the reactive route analysis of the AODV protocols, and in this paper, the possibilities for the AODV implementation have been analyzed. AODV is routing protocols simulations that have been performed by SUMO and combined the veins, which are used by the alongside to produced the realistic mobility module. Different parameters like delivered and received packets, data loss, and throughput are taken under consideration of the analysis of performances of AODV for 200 nodes. In routing protocols of AODV the sending messages are dependent on route reply messages. In this paper packet receiving rate of AODV networks is based on the protocols like DSR by using the NS3 simulations and determines performance of number of packets received. 

7. References of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)