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Abstract of Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence
of IT industry
Cybersecurity has turned out as the most threatening risk
for business nowadays. Along with the growth of Information Technology,
cybersecurity has also emerged and even has ranked as the top 10 threats toward
the business in these modern days. The digital world has triggered the rise of
cyber-attacks, and for this reason, tech-focused companies have started to
recognize the need for implementing or improving cybersecurity systems to
secure their business. Implementing a Cyber Security into the company now defines
as managing with a developing role; facing the new demands of visibility into
business operations, also the new expectations for information and privacy
protection. This research covers a complete Contemporary cybersecurity practice
evidence of IT industry.
Contents
Appendix 1: Questionnaire
Chapter 1
Introduction of Contemporary
cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
It is a fact that cyber-attacks are a big threat to
infrastructure and systems of companies, individuals and government. The use of
technology is increasing with the passage of time, and this increased use is
also coming up with several issues and vulnerabilities in the information technology
systems. Keeping the cyber security attacks in mind, where credit cards data
has been stolen, ATMs are not working, and mutual fund companies are unable to
operate; all of them need to consider some counter measures.
If any technology is used on a small scale, its issues and
problems can also be small, but when things have become huge part of daily life
and businesses as information technology has become, then its relevant issues
are obvious to happen. That’s why it is critical for individuals and companies
to stay alert and come up with various countermeasures so that they can avoid
cyber-attacks in the first place, and if they do happen, then they must have a
plan to deal with those threats
Cyber security is one of the biggest concerns of recent
times, and if considerable countermeasures will not be taken by stakeholders,
then they may face severe consequences. The individuals, companies, and
governments should come up with policies and systems to protect their data and
sensitive information by developing and implementing above mentioned
countermeasures because this is the only way to effectively deal with cyber
security issues.
The companies are required to ensure that they are following
the policy guidelines provided by the government and experts to keep
countermeasures in their cyber security systems. If they will follow the policy
guidelines and come up with a comprehensive strategy, then they will be in a
better position to resolve vulnerabilities in their systems, and if something
wrong happens, they would be better in making a response to those cyber-attacks
1.1 Problem Statement of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
Cyber threats and data breaches are getting common in
society as information technology is improving and advancing. In the presence
of such security threats, it is becoming difficult to make IT industry secure
and data breaches controlled. Credit cards and banking system are also a point
of attention for these security threats and cybercrimes. In short, cyber
threats are a problem for cyber security. The research will study this problem
to find out a solution.
1.2 Research objectives of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
The key objectives of this research work are enlisted below:
To examine the impact of unauthorized access on the cyber
security
To identify suspicious activities in IT industry
To explain the significance of the security measures for cyber
security.
1.3 Rationale of the study of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
The rationale of this research study is the prime reason for
conducting this research work. IT security issues are becoming a problem for
the strength of the industry. IT security issues are also causing problems for
customers availing services of banks and credit cards. Moreover, another reason
is to identify problems which need to be controlled and managed for secure IT
system (Hasib, 2014).
1.4 Research questions of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
Q1. What is the impact of unauthorized access on the cyber
security?
Q2. What are the suspicious activities in IT industry?
Q3. What is the significance of the security measures for
cyber security?
1.5 Significance of the study of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
The current study tends to have both the theoretical and the
practical implications. It will serve as the basis for the future research
work. Also, it will help the managers to use the findings and the discussions
of the current research work for the strategy formulation.
1.6 Hypotheses development of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
The hypotheses development is as given:
H1: Unauthorized access tends to increase the cyber security
threats.
H2: Suspicious activities in IT industry have a positive
significant association with the cyber security threats.
H3: Effective security measures help to minimize the cyber
security threats.
Chapter 2
Literature Review of Contemporary
cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
It is evident due to so many cyber-attacks that
cyber-criminals are getting sophisticated with their approach, and if they
continue in this fashion, then there will be more severe challenges for
individuals and companies to deal with. There is a need to use the technology
of automated security intelligence which keeps an automatic eye on systems, and
if any vulnerability or issue is found, it is quickly detected
As Kazan (2016) described that as a function of five
fundamental attributes of protected computing device, as well as the
information security such as the confidentiality, accuracy, integrity, availability
as well as authenticity, the effectiveness of the latest computer applications
is usually observed. The concepts of the cyber security are usually applicable
to different areas or the different departments such as education, government
systems as well as the ordinary lives of the private individuals. The extended
applications which are runnable on the internet or the special internet
applications are involved by normally considerations with the name of cyber security.
As stated by Kazan (2016), the process to maintain as well
as achieving secure cyberspace is very difficult and complex, as well as it
also concerns with intellectual property, sustainability, privacy, the critical
infrastructure as well as the personal identity of the organization. The
threats for making secure the operating infrastructure are profound as well as
serious such as cybercrime, cyber terrorism, cyber espionage as well as a cyber
war for the kind of the technical community has responded with the procedures
as well as safeguards and normally the private sector supplies. The whole study
gives very brief information on the security within the cyber domain with the
objective of the developing techniques of cyber security
As stated by Knowles, Prince, Hutchison, & Jones (2015),
in isolation, it is operated by the contemporary industrial control system
while distinguished networks are used such as the internet as well as the
corporate networks, for the facilitation as well as for improving the business
process. Furthermore, exposure to cyber threats increases the consequences of
this kind of development. The whole survey of this study tells about the recent
techniques and methodologies as well as the research to calculate the effects of
the risks as well as handle those risks effectively.
Knowles, Prince, Hutchison, & Jones (2015) also
described that it has identified by the dearth of the security metrics for the
specific industrial control system as a hurdle for the implementation of this
kind the methodologies. Therefore, an agenda is outlined in the industrial
security control system metrics for future research. To handle the fail-secure
as well as a fail-safe of the industrial control system operations, the concept
of functional assurance is also introduced
As stated by Scully (2014), the attitudes that ‘it won’t
happen to me’ still overcome within the industry’s boardrooms at the time of
the consideration on the senior the executives of the threats of the cyber
interruptions. In the commercial world of the cyber security, not too much
changes occurred in the previous few years such as the data breach drivers,
hackers or the attackers are not being confronted for identification of the new
ways for the stealing the sensitive information as well as the intellectual
property of the companies or the organizations. Furthermore, the consequences
of the even main breaches of the security seem not to become felt by the leaders
of those organizations which are a victim.
Furthermore, some questions are also raised in this study
which is discussed in Scully (2016) which are: why is it so? Surely the
practitioners or experts of the security of IT are determining the new methods
for the identification as well as preventions of the chosen interruptions
within the networks of the organizations? Are the consequences of the chosen
interruptions as too much importantly, which the leaders of the organization
tolerate them, or do only distinctions feel of the failure pain? The whole
study is exploring all of the possible threats which can cause the failure of
cyber security in the very beginning within the industry as well as contends. On
the other side, the leaders of the industry must not be along for taking the
responsibilities for such kind failures in the cyber security as well as they
should take the initiative to prevent the cyber-attacks by making the lives of
hackers harder. The concepts of cyber security are usually applicable to
different areas or the different departments, such as education, government
systems, as well as the ordinary lives of private individuals. Moreover, the
leaders of the companies cannot wait for the governmental policy, coordination,
or strategy for the leadership. The study is suggesting some kind of
calculations that a chief executive officer may adopt for making a new approach
for the company to increase cyber security
As described by Nissenbaum (2005),the study on cyber
security, which is determining the conception of the security into the two
different ways within the contemporary concerns on the vulnerability of the
networks as well as the computers for the hostile attack. In computer science
as well as engineering ,the one conception is derived from the conceptions of
focuses of the individual of computer security, which is developed. The
concepts of the cyber security are usually applicable to different areas or the
different departments such as education, government systems as well as the
ordinary lives of the private individuals. Therefore, an agenda is outlined on
the industrial security control system metrics for future research.
In the commercial world of the cyber security, not too much
changes occurred in the previous few years such as the data breach drivers,
hackers or the attackers are not being confronted for identification of the new
ways for the stealing the sensitive information as well as the intellectual
property of the companies or the organizations. The concerns of the security of
the national agencies of the government information to others, as well as the
distinguished owner of the intellectual property, are also informing others. In
the last, the Copenhagen school of the international relations develops the securitization
as well as the evaluation comparatively of this tow the conception are also
using the theoretical construct of the securitization
As described by Hare (2009) that the examination of whether
the review interruption of some foreign companies is related to the relations
of the audit companies along with the multinational companies. The study is
based on the listed companies in the study around115 companies of the stock
exchange for the end of the year 1998. Furthermore, to find any kind of
important distinctions that exist between those companies working on the
audits, they all have used the nonparametric tool. The outcomes of the past
researches on the delay of the audit appear that the companies related to those
international companies were doing audits for the provision of the motivation
to the small delays of the audit. Although, the study highlights that the
multinational companies within Bangladesh have larger delays of audits with the
6.31 mean months, while the global mean month is 5.86
As stated by Cook, Smith, & Janicke(2016),the underpin
complicated national infrastructure may be classified as the low-frequency events
or the high impact when the cyber attacks on the industrial control system come
into form. Furthermore, the range and the quantity of the cyber attacks against
the total foot prints of the industrial control system is small, as well as the
outcome there is an inadequate dataset for the assessment adequately for the
threats for the operator of ICS, and up till now, the effects are potentially
catastrophic to date. So, the study is determining the very important elements
of the current science of the decision which may be utilized for informing as
well as for improving the cyber security of industrial control system against
the aggressive risks as well as it also appears the parts where further
development work is needed for discovering the assessments of the risks.
Moreover, the research study is also proving the detail of how the informative
data from the generated processes for safety may inform the process of decision
making. The study is also concluding by providing some recommendation on how a
data set after validation which can be made for the supporting the investments
within the cyber security of industrial control system
As described by Tikk (2010) that the contemporary global
regimes of cyber security, as well as this artiocle, tells that the main focus
of the cyber security regime is on the number of the different role of the
multination organizations. The approach of the prevailing of such companies is
disjointed as well as at odds with the priorities of the national-level policy.
Furthermore, a comprehensive approach is required for the rectification of such
kind conditions as well as it also increases the cyber security. For the
acknowledgment, the full array of cyber threats as well as it also combines the
dissimilar actors at the level of the country. Furthermore, the provided
traditional profile is exclusively located for becoming the sources of such
kind of comprehensive framework
2.1 Theoretical Framework
Research Methodology of
Contemporary cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
For the current research work the questionnaire, regarding
the cyber security, is used. It is distributed among 350 employees of 6 IT
firms in Pakistan. SPSS is used to perform the tests on the data and evaluate
the results. The correlation and the regression analysis is better suggested be
used for the data analysis purposes.
3.1 Research Design of Contemporary cyber security practice
an evidence of IT industry
3.1.1 Research Approach of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
There exist various forms of the study. For the current
research work, it is confirmed that the nature of the study is quantitative.
The data nature better helped to evaluate the methodology for the said
research. There exists the numerical data if it is the case of the quantitative
methodology. In order to collect the data from the respondents, the
self-administered survey is conducted.
3.1.2 Type of investigation of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
In order to get the desired results from the data, it is
suggested to make use of the correlation analysis. Also, the use of correlation
analysis is determined due to the numerical nature of the data. The use of
regression analysis made it possible to decide whether to accept or reject the
hypotheses.
3.1.3 Unit of Analysis of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
The data collection is based on the professionals of the IT
firm. So, an employee who is working in the IT firm is the unit of analysis.
3.1.4 Time Horizon of Contemporary cyber security practice
an evidence of IT industry
This study is cross- sectional in nature based on the fact
that the data is gathered for just once. There is no need for the follow ups
for the data collection purposes.
3.1.5 Research Strategy of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
The data is collected by making use of the questionnaire.
These are distributed among the individuals of IT firm in order to get their
responses.
3.2 Research Methodology of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
The self-administered survey better helped to achieve the
purpose of the study. The questionnaire is perceived to be the simple and quick
tool for the data gathering purposes. The questionnaire is provided with the
five-point likert scale having its range from 1 to 5. A questionnaire is if
complete only then it is accepted for the analysis purposes.
3.2.1 Population of the study of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
The population is all about the employees of the IT firms in
Pakistan. The unit of analysis helped to determine the study population.
3.2.2 Sample and sampling strategy of Contemporary cyber
security practice an evidence of IT industry
The questionnaire is distributed among 350 employees of 6 IT
firms in Pakistan. So the sample size is 350 employees of the IT firm. To
achieve the objectives of the current study the non-probability (convenient
sampling) technique is used. The data is collected from the respondents who are
willing to give their responses.
3.2.3 Data Collection Method of Contemporary cyber security
practice an evidence of IT industry
The primary data collection is based on the
self-administered survey. The questionnaire is considered to be the economical
and the cheap resource for the data collection. The secondary data is collected
through the previous already existing research articles.
3.2.4 Pilot Study of Contemporary cyber security practice an
evidence of IT industry
The pilot study tends to determine both the instrument’s
validity and the data reliability. The sample size of 25 employees is being taken
for the pilot study. The value of Cronbach Alpha for all the study items is
greater than 0.70 which depict the high reliability of the study items on the
questionnaire.
3.2.5 Response rate of Contemporary cyber security practice
an evidence of IT industry
The questionnaires which are distributed among the employees
of the IT firms in Pakistan are being filled and returned back for the analysis
purposes. Out of 350 questionnaires, the count returned is 298 which depict 85%
of the response rate.
3.2.6 Data Analysis Software and techniques of Contemporary
cyber security practice an evidence of IT industry
The data analysis is performed by making use of SPSS (Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences), version 22. First the organized data is entered
to the excel sheet. The data from the excel sheet is then copied & pasted
to the SPSS. The reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression
analysis are performed by making use of SPSS.
The SPSS results will be helpful to determine if any technology
is used on a small scale, its issues and problems can also be small, but when
things have become huge part of daily life and businesses as information
technology has become, then its relevant issues are obvious to happen. That’s
why it is critical for individuals and companies to stay alert and come up with
various countermeasures so that they can avoid cyber-attacks in the first
place, and if they do happen, then they must have a plan to deal with those
threats
References of Contemporary cyber
security practice an evidence of IT industry
Amoroso,
E. (2012). Cyber Attacks: Protecting National Infrastructure, STUDENT EDITION
(illustrated Edition ed.). Elsevier.
Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013).
Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school
students. Journal of Adolescence , 36, 341-350.
Cook, A., Smith, R., & Janicke, L. M. (2016). Measuring
the Risk of Cyber Attack in Industrial Control Systems. Proceedings of the
4th International Symposium for ICS & SCADA Cyber Security Research
(ICS-CSR 2016) , 23-25 .
cyberdefensemagazine. (2019). Some counter measures of
cyber attack. Retrieved from
https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/some-countermeasures-to-cyber-attacks/
Djekic, M. D. (2019). Some Countermeasures to cyber
attacks. Retrieved from
https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/some-countermeasures-to-cyber-attacks/
Gantz, S. D., & Philpott, D. R. (2012). FISMA and the
Risk Management Framework: The New Practice of Federal Cyber Security.
Newnes.
Hare, F. B. (2009). Private Sector Contributions to
National Cyber Security: A Preliminary Analysis. Journal of Homeland Security
and Emergency Management , 6 (1), 1547-7355.
Hasib, M. (2014). Cybersecurity Leadership: Powering the
Modern Organization. Tomorrow's Strategy Today, LLC.
Hurley, R. F. (1998). Innovation, market orientation,
andorganizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal
of Marketing , 62 (3), 42-54.
Kazan, H. (2016). Contemporary Issues in Cybersecurity. Journal
of Cybersecurity Research (JCR) , 1 (1).
Knowles, W., Prince, D., Hutchison, D., & Jones, J. F.
(2015). A survey of cyber security management in industrial control systems. International
Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection , 9, 52-80.
Nissenbaum, H. (2005). Where Computer Security Meets
National Security. Ethics and Information Technology , 61–73.
Scully, T. (2014). The cyber security threat stops in the
boardroom. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning , 7 (2),
138-148.
Shinichiro, N. K. (2017). Countermeasures against Unknown
Cyberattacks Using AI. NEC Technical Journal , 12.
Spry, A. P. (2011). Celebrity endorsement, brand
credibility and brand equity. European Journal of Marketing , 45 (6),
882-909.
Tikk, E. (2010). Global Cybersecurity–Thinking About the
Niche for NATO. SAIS Review of International Affairs , 105-119.
The purpose behind conducting this survey is to meet up the
objectives of this research. It will take almost 10 minutes to fill out this questionnaire.
It is assured that the information will be kept confidential and anonymous to
others. For the completion of research work, your assistance is required. All
of your efforts are highly appreciated.
Age: a) 18-24 b) 25-34 years c) 35-44 years d) 45 or above
Gender: a) Male
b) Female
Educational Level: a) Bachelor b) Masters c) M-Phil d) Others
Employment status: a) Private officials b) Government
officials c) others
For the said questionnaire five-point likert scale is used.
It ranges from 1 to 5. Here,
|
Strongly Disagree 1 |
Disagree 2 |
Neutral 3 |
Agree 4 |
Strongly Agree 5 |
Kindly provide your response for each of the given
statements:
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Sr.# |
Statements |
SD 1 |
D 2 |
N 3 |
A 4 |
SA 5 |
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Unauthorized Access: |
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UA1 |
Unauthorized access tends to increase the cyber security threats. |
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UA2 |
The digital assets are manipulated through the unauthorized access. |
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Suspicious Activities: |
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SA1 |
Unusual traffic on a site is perceived to be the suspicious activity. |
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SA2 |
A process or task if takes more time than normal is considered a
threat for the cyber security. |
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Security measures: |
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SM1 |
The use of effective security policies help to detect and prevent the
threats. |
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SM2 |
Security measures help to avoid the manipulation, deletion or
modification of the data. |
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Cyber Security: |
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CS1 |
Cyber security helps in the identification of the thefts and the
ransomware attacks . |
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CS2 |
The data breaches can better be avoided through the cyber security. |
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