1) Why organizational adaptation to
environmental changes is important?
2) From this discussion, explain the main
features of contingency theory.
3) How the contingency theory leads to the
development of complex adaptive systems (CAS) approach?
It is a fact that an organization has to deal
with various internal and external factors, which can play part in its success
or failure, and one of the important external factors is environment. The
organization is surrounded by an environment, which can be significant to it in
so many ways. Any changes to the environmental factors can have a huge impact
on the organization. An organization can lose important segment of the customer
or it can lose any cost advantage for its business processes due to changes in
surrounding environment. So, organization cannot leave these environmental
changes unattended for too long, and they will have to adapt to these
particular environmental changes so that business processes can be run
normally, smoothly & deficiently as they were running before these changes.
There are
several good points of the contingency theory;
The flexible
ways for the styles of the management and the leader can decision by
considering the various point rather than by making the standards one to taking
decision for their employees and organization.
By applying
this theory business can be able to measure the problems in effective manners
as well as their management can be adapted for specific needs of the
organization.
The opinions
of the employees matter for taking the decision about the organization as well
as for any kinds of the management change with in the organizations.
Keeping above mentioned discussion
about environmental factors in view, it can be said that contingency theory is
the one, which can be instrumental for an organization to adapt to the
environmental changes. According to contingency theory, the organization cannot
adopt any universal set rule or guideline, which can make it a perfect one by
making those universal decisions, rather theory asserts that organization is an
entity, which is dependent on various internal as well as external factors, and
it will have to make decisions according to these changing factors. Uncertainty
is a main feature for structure of an organization, which is covered by
contingency theory, which means that an organization will have to deal with
uncertainty by making optimal decisions time to time by looking at changes in
internal & external elements.
So, when an organization will try to
react to every change in the internal and external environment, and decisions
will be made accordingly for each individual factor; that means the
organization is using contingency theory, which is leading to develop the
essence of complex adaptive systems (CAS). The CAS asserts that organization
cannot wholly understand the system behavior of whole organization just by
understanding parts of an organization individually. It clearly means that an
organization has a system, which is based on various interacting parts; these
parts change & evolve over time. So organization will have to use complex adaptive
system method to deal with the changes of every part of the system so that whole
organization can be managed successfully.
Why power and politics are important concepts
to consider in designing organizational structure and operational procedures? Explain
this by comparing a rationalistic approach in organizational theory.
The theory of the rational organization is referred
as the idea that an organization, just like as the business is referred as the
tool for attaining the set of the goals. The formal structure is used in the rationale organization
for defining the role of each member in the organization. According to this
theory the goals and roles are defined in effective manners. According to this
theory the management process in the organization must be rationale and predictable.
This contingency theory deals with the
situation, which means that a leader acts according to the demand of a
situation. It also means that leadership does not come with any particular
methods to apply; rather leader reacts to certain given situations. So, it is
up to their ability and skills that how they adapt to different situations and
what necessary skills they show as per requirement of a situation. An
organization may have to face different situations, and this theory asserts
that a leader should have skills to act according to each situation to achieve
success.
The rational organization will have a proper
system or structure, where roles will be defined for everyone, and they will
act accordingly. In real terms, organizations do have a rationalistic approach
in their behavior, but it is not the only thing to structure an organization,
because organizations also have politics in their behavior as well. Meanwhile
the contingency management theory leads towards the democratic leadership’s
styles in which all of the employees and audiences are involved in the decision
and matters of the organization. According to the contingency theory of the
Fiedler the leader always follow the two major points which are the task
oriented and people oriented.
The organization is an entity, which has to
design a proper structure so that organizational procedures can be managed
accordingly. In this process, the organization has to make various decisions
and distribute authority so that relevant powers can be exercised. Keeping this
fact in view, the organizations are considered political structures as
organizations also deal with distribution of power and authority, which means
that politics is also an element in its structure. To understand the political
pyramid in structure of an organization, it is important to understand that
individuals get a power base in organizations, which means that other than the
economic point of view, the organizations will have a political structure to
handle that provide various options for people to grow their career through
authority & power. The power exercised by an individual leads to complete
few relevant activities and power is used to influence others so that those
activities are performed accordingly. It is also a fact that power is not only
enjoyed by the leaders, but it is also exercised by employees in a way so that
they can ensure their survival.
The politics and power are important parts of
organizational behavior, but they can also be dangerous as well because when
power and authority is exercised, and if it had no particular checks then
various problematic things can happen such as corruption, abuse of power,
excessive domination, scandals, as well as suppression & exploitation of
people having no power. There is one more view to handle structure of
organization and that is rationalistic approach of organizational theory.
According to this theory, the organization is an entity, which has certain
definable objectives to achieve. The rational organization will have a proper
system or structure, where roles will be defined for everyone, and they will
act accordingly. In real terms, organizations do have a rationalistic approach
in their behavior, but it is not the only thing to structure an organization,
because organizations also have politics in their behavior as well. The
individuals may have defined role but they can use power on their own terms to
influence others in the organization.