Table of Contents

The principles related to the natural factors such as related to the energy, which is currently known as it could not be possible to change the mechanism and it could not dilute in some other shapes. Electrical energy is considered an advantageous kind of power, which is considered as a modified form of electrical power being used by individuals in their daily life. Now the electrical power is being a significant resource of energy in the routine tasks. According to the survey of 2011, the total consumption of the electrical power of USA is approximately 81,642 kWh/capita which is most likely to increase in coming years. As concerned with the average estimation about the consumption of the energy per person is 9,319 W in a year.  Although it is well-known fact with the increase in the population will increase the resource, but it is also realizable that the increase in population utilizes the existing resources. The energy utilized by the people now days is most likely to generate from the d-composed fossils of the animals which creates oil and gas under the soils. However the authorities who are engaged with the generation of power are working with different methods to produce energy. The European Union is foreseeing with the different projects that will increase the power generation with different resources by 20% in the next 5 years. This study is based on the examine of electrical energy generation with the help of solar system, and there is also a comparison among the different technologies with the efficiency of both solutions.

Renewable Energy - Solar Power
Background of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Electrical power generation through solar is achieved by the radiance of the sun, which is used to make the power of electricity. Inside the Sun of our nearby planetary group, with the help of sun, helium stores, hydrogen, and in excess weight as well as temperature circumstances inside a center take into account the atomic combination to happen. Roughly 4 million tons of mass is changed over into vitality for every second where the sun’s surface acts as an ideal dark body, giving the sun based radiation, giving both light as well as warmth which methodology a earth. The sun is giving a power to every planet including the Earth which is about 150,000,000 km far absent from the sun. At the beginning of history by a whole world population the amount of energy which sun radiates in one second. The one of the cleanest types of the energy is the Solar energy which is very deemed whereas the fossil fuel are the finite and it also give the method which unwelcome the changes of climate (Ahıska & al, 2014).

The Solar energy which involves the, Solar photovoltaic, solar heating , electricity solar thermal along with the architecture of solar and it could create the considerable contribution for the to solve the urgent problems. The power thickness of the sun oriented radiation at a mean separation among simply outside a Earth's air. Also, a Sun is alluded to as a sun oriented consistent, esteemed at roughly 1361 W/m2. In the developing countries the devices of the solar energy can benefits economy plus the environment. For the energy the global demand is growing beyond the limits of the installing of the generations capacity (Devabhaktuni, 2014). 

Use of solar energy of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

The method of generation of power from fossils is much different from the method of power generation with the help of sun. The traditional method of power generation from fossils was a method that was very harmful as it damages the environment with pollution. Therefore solar power is considered as much better as it does not being a reason for disturbance in social and environmental factors in the society with a negative impact that it is a reason to reduce the effectiveness of the work.

Conversion to electrical power

Solar energy is used to convert a power of sunlight in a form of electricity with the help of capturing the thermal power of the sun. There are some techniques that are used in a conversion of solar power. A solar plate converts a sunlight into the thermal energy which accumulates the sunlight and converts them into heat and used to produce solar energy. This could be possible due to photovoltaic which helps to heat the exchange of thermal energy into solar energy.

Energy conversion-Photovoltaic cell

The radiation of the solar energy in the photons is consumed through the photoelectric impact that is known as semi conduction material used in the power generation method.

The photoelectric effect of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

By a German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 Photoelectric effect was first reported and is in this manner here and there mentioned to as a Hertz effect. Although working by a flash hole, Hertz found endless supply of specific frequencies of light, substances would radiate a obvious sparkle. By J.J. Thomson In 1899, this sparkle was distinguished as light-energized electrons leaving the metal's surface.

Photovoltaic cells depend on the capacity for semiconductor resources to discharge electrons as photons are assimilated hooked on a photo emissive measureable. Free decisions that are radiated are caught to shape a photovoltaic impact utilized, delivering a progression of electrons as well as accordingly electric flow that might be used. Note, in any case, a sum of power delivered is dependent on the force of light. It is conceivable to relate a recurrence of the ingested photons (f), the limit recurrence of the photo emissive surface (f0) and the most extreme motor vitality of the discharged electrons (KMAX), which has a circuitous relationship to the measure of power created.

KMAX = h (f − f0) (1)

Moreover, it tends to be noticed that specific by wavelengths of distinctive conduct. This is because of a recurrence remove esteem every material has. It is seen that red light does not launch electrons, green light discharges electrons regardless of in what way diminish as well as  blue light launches electrons by a best sum of vitality. Materials by a least edge frequencies are generally semi-conductors, subsequently their far-reaching use. As indicated by Scientific American Light by the energy over a specific point can be utilized to whack electrons free, releasing them from a strong metal surface. Every molecule of light called a photon, slams into an electron as well as uses a portion of its vitality to oust the electron. A residue of the photon's energy moves to a free negative charge, titled a photoelectron.

Solar cells of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Solar cells are made of the material like a crystalline as well as silicon, which is used in the production of electricity. The positive charge is based on one side as well as a other side based on a negative charge. Solar energy has locked the electrons in the atoms of conduction. Electricity could flow with the electron in the negative effect, which is related to positive effect. Silicon is considered as best conductor to maintain the imbalance between the charges contains in the circuit. It is considered as a medium of flow which converts heat energy into light energy.

It is ideal for appending a few sun-powered cells composed into a sunlight based component, where moreover, different modules might be appended composed to frame sun based clusters. The bigger a module or then again cluster, the more noteworthy power created. Also, clusters might be organized in arrangement or equivalent associations with produce several required voltage as well as current blend. Photovoltaic gadgets might use whichever single or numerous intersections inside semiconductors. Most of PV gadgets use a solitary intersection. Inside this structure, just photons whose vitality levels are equivalent or more prominent to the band hole (- vitality contrast between the highest point of the valence band and the base of the conductance band inside semiconductors, band hole of approx. 1.1eV for silicon) of the sun-powered cell material can free an electron to deliver a current. Which causes a restricted photovoltaic reaction where power can as it was being created from a constrained band of photon wavelengths. A restricted range of light, particularly that of a Sun guarantees lower vitality photons are not used, consequently constrained effectiveness as far as power age. This confinement can be killed utilizing the utilization of various silicon cells that offer diverse band holes and intersections yet joined together.

 Poly intersection gadgets can expand the all-out vitality transformation productivity as a more prominent range of photon wavelengths as light can be changed over. This is conceivable through joining numerous single intersection cells together (in plummeting request of band hole). The upper level of the cell is covered with the different gaps which are situated in the gaps. The unique application is used to convert the thermal or any other energy into sunlight. Moreover the different material such as crystal and silicon is considered as further addition in the production heat into electric energy. The total electricity consumptions for the amount of the renewable energy resources account the o.1%.  In 2012 the total renewable energy resources is about 1.5% which contribute by the solar energy (Wong & al, 2016). Increase a rate of the Photo Voltaic placements, to enhance a development of the solar power. From the solar irradiations the amount of the solar energy which is most appropriate for the location to installing the solar panels which is selected and compared with the threshold (Akhtar & al, 2015). 

Mono-crystalline silicon cell of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Single or Mono or precious stone cells are made from whole bits of silicon gem. A gems utilized are formed into slight roundabout plates of around 1mm as well as arranged into boards. Different shapes are sliced to expand space productivity as cells are frequently square or rectangular fit as a fiddle. Mono cells are worthwhile as they have an exceptionally low wear-out rate however squander material is available.

Poly-crystalline silicon cells of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Polycrystalline cells are made with different mono cells, which are melted to get remove the hurdles in the liquid form of the slices arranged. These slices are used to overcome the wastage of the raw material in the different forms, which are considered as imperfect in the solar cells. When the material gets cold form it becomes hard and adopts the shape which is not modifiable. Further, the boundaries reduce the flow of current in the medium which become cause of reduction in the performance. As a result the cells show more efficiency produced in one unit.

Post crystal formation of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Additional to an assembling of a silicon material, together structures have dopants (material pollutions) included that charge sides of a sun based cell negative  as well as positive . More to this, cells are adjusted obsessed by proper clusters where conductors are included in closing a circuit. Together cell types look especially similar, by overlay frequently achieved over a cells by defensive plastic or safety glass aimed at both included climate insurance yet in addition to diminish temperature impacts of hotness which diminish productivity as electrical obstruction is expanded.

Thin-film silicon of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

The current progress in the amorphous which is based on silicon cells are contained on thin layers, which make the cells more flexible and it could be converted into any shape. The flexibility and low weight make it more beneficial in the transformation of energy.

Alternative energy conversion- solar and thermal of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Sunlight based warm vitality can be by implication changed over to power by means of concentrating warm power utilizing mirror and focal point clusters into which a medium, for example, water can be warmed so as to work a warmth motor-generator. Sterling motors, can create control in a 10's to smooth 100's of megawatts because of a higher proficiency (30-40%) this straightforward arrangement gives. Focused sun oriented power has an all-out introduced limit of over 4,815MW (2016) worldwide in an industry ruled by illustrative channel plants which represent over 90% of all sun based warm transformation. Explanatory trough plants work through an illustratively formed reflector that is calculated to control light into warm beneficiary positions inside the reflectors central line. To provide the continuous base load for the generation type the ability of geothermal systems which is complimenting of the variable input that produced through the solar and Wind PV which creates potentially. To adventure a occurrence of the very hot and steam water thermal energy has required [19]. For a production of the electricity the renewable energy resources has the wide range of efforts, which also include the geothermal energy [20].  

The beneficiary contains a working liquid at that the temperatures of 150◦C - 350◦C are accomplished at which a power generator could be worked for electricity. In the market, the growing electrical energy is increasing integration of the RES in the power systems to lead the different challenges for the network planning along with the operation that is required to investigate plus analyze the effects of the RES on power systems. In the variation of the voltage profile for the power systems after and before the RES integration of the power systems is demonstrated.  In the grid-connected model, the integration of several of the RES is developed. Then the effects of the Renew Energy Sources (RES) for the existing power systems is evaluated the graphics which is obtained in the simulation for the voltage profile of the power systems (Bayindir & et.al, 2016).  Thermal energy connects a heat energy which present below the surface of earth. The geothermal reservoirs are classified into a high temperature as well as at low temperature which is significant sought of production of electricity for commercial use [18].   Inside the earth as the heat the thermal energy is achieved. For the electricity generation the thermal energy is produced commercially, since the geothermal electricity is limited to the local resources characteristics. 

Photovoltaic cells vs. solar thermal- disadvantages of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

A PV cell is enabled to work in the direct light of sun, but it could be operated by the photon, which makes it possible to work in the low light, such as in condition of rainy season. This role is considered a significant factor in the conversion of light into energy. Thermal energy needs sunlight to convert into electrical energy, which is done with the help of batteries. Factors, for example, the edge of light spirit constrain a adequacy of PV frameworks as past a specific edge of rate, vitality concluded light beams might be replicated left instead of ingested into a sun-powered cells. It is the  issue is distant less obvious inside sun based warm frameworks as mirrors expect to glass all episode light vitality interested in one explicit commercial.  In the gas sensing material the renewable energy resources like the Geothermal has the many benefits like the reliability, availability without the need of the requirements of storage which is not being the variations of subjects in the price of gas and oil [16]. For the desalination systems Renewable energy resources like the thermal is used the energy suppliers. For the remote regions the renewable energy resources are the economically promising and the proven technology [17].

Although concentrated solar power solution are not as cheap as PV solar solutions. PV systems do not have any additional cost once the payback of initial investment is complete because PV solar cell systems do not require much maintenance.

In addition to this, we need a lot of physical land area so that concentrated solar power plants can get good through large mirrors sufficient levels of forwarded light energy. We can easily place solar panels in areas where population density is quite high e.g. above building top and valleys etc. It is impractical for us to put concentrated solar power plants in aforementioned places. We will have to be more reliant on technology of solar cell rather than solar thermal solution because of their economic feasibility. In energy production Further increase at the current level of development of every source in given in mega Watts (MW) is given in the below figure:

 Emerging Photovoltaic Technology of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Both systems have their own pros and cons, a compromise between can prove to be fruitful and efficient. Concentrated photovoltaic systems take advantage of both the design and for a objective of producing mass sunlight which concentrate electrical power  onto a very effective only photovoltaic apparent. The most important point for the reflection  is maintained through a day using lenses as well as bowed mirrors which are used to emphasis the sunshine into very minor and extremely solar cells which has efficient multi-junction. These kinds of developing technologies like these can of PV solar systems to improve the efficiency.

Alternative Energy Production of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Solar power is more beneficial than various renewable energy forms like wind or hydro-power as solar panels can be placed anywhere because reaches of sunlight all part of a world. Solar panels can also be placed on places like construction tops, hence better planetary measures. Solar power through smaller PV cells is also cost efficient as it needs small initial capital and payback period is much shorter compared with other renewable forms. These also require very low maintenance compare with others.

Wind Power of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

the most common form of renewable energy is Wind farms because they are highly efficient and they can cater to different wind conditions due the controller which controls a pitch turbine blades for angle. But these has a downside that these are weather dependent which means they required a good enough speed of wind to harness energy and they also yield up huge land area. Solar farms have volume of around 15% - 20% whereas wind farms deliver conversion efficiency of 35%. As wind farms require large land areas due to which they can’t be placed near urban area. Furthermore, solar energy is dependent on sunlight which varies throughout the day which means the energy produced varies though out the day while the energy produced by wind farms is almost same during the same weather.

By the high wind power penetration to operate the power systems it is big challenges the development of the penetration level for wind power is increasing with a fast growth of the development wind energy  (Kabalci, 2013). Into the power system the integration of the wind power brings the inherent variability along with the uncertainty. The variation of a wind power could also damage a stability of voltage grid due to a surplus of the power deficiency. The integration of the wind power is supported the focused of wind farms for the power leveling and coordination of by the batteries (Zhao & al, 2015).

The wind energy is the economically competitive, and it is the valuable for the future crops of farmer along with ranchers which is excellent sources for the local jobs (Baranov, 2015). Into the electricity the conversion of wind energy is transform by the conversion of electrochemical energy. By the field current the DC generator is easy to controls, but it’s also containing the commentator’s as well as brushless which is biggest disadvantages (Bahrami & al, 2013). For generating the electricity in the Marco scale wind energy is one of the remarkable source form the existing resources of renewable energy (Akbari, 2014)

Nuclear Power of Electrical Power Systems (H6103):

Nuclear plants provide huge power output but these are very expensive to build and run. Plus, there various risks associated with nuclear power plants. There is always a risk of a nuclear catastrophe associated no matter how low the likelihood may be. Moreover, these are high environmental impacts as well. The nuclear wastes must be disposed of properly and they are highly contagious and have severe health risks due to their lasting decay because to their high half-life. Nuclear energy has the market potential of is very low because of their high setup costs and the risks associated with it.

Hydroelectric Power of Electrical Power Systems (H6103):

Hydroelectric power plants by dams need large land area in calculation to huge water reservoirs. However, different solar or wind energy there no uncontrollable factors associated with it such as the varying sunlight through the day or weather conditions. Water dam can be closed or opened to produce electric energy. Unlike hydroelectric power, under DC where power solar power must be stored in inefficient batteries is also lost in inverter process when converting this to AC power. While hydroelectric power causes irreversible damage to the local environment like it destroys the natural animal habitat and it also requires a lot of initial startup cost.

From the renewable energy resources in the gas sensing the Hydropower is predicated to take the greater part in electricity generations. The largest source of the domestic electricity is Hydropower Brazil (84%), Canada (60%), and Switzerland (55%). The schemes of the hydropower are causes the global warming like the fossil fuel in the forested plants which emits form the greenhouse [11]. In the (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century) form a renewable energy resources the worldwide production is analyzed which providing the ranking countries wise regarding to heat generation, electricity. This analysis is made by using the Hydropower’s, geothermal collectors of the global capacity [12]. For increasing the demand of electricity the Hydropower has the dramatic expansion which is partially close to the electricity gap. Hydropower construction for the spatial pattern is unclear at the global scale and it also cumulated for the fragmentation that is also effected on the river systems [13].

Currently the world largest perpetual is Hydropower which is also known as the Renewable energy resources. The Hydropower is contributing the electricity in the 160 countries which also accounts for ore then the half of the global production of hydropower [14]. Development of hydropower as well as mini-grids which based on the renewable energy resources in the poor rural areas is subjected to the as the special issues. The hydropower for the small scale concrete a system of the energy distribution as well as production [15]

Conclusion of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Solar power has its advantages as being an environmentally friendly renewable energy source with less initial startup cost.  Photovoltaic electricity production is also compared with less efficient concentrated solar thermal solutions. It is also explained that solar power should not be used as the sole energy source; it should be used in conjunction with other energy sources due its limitation and reliance on external factors such as sunlight levels. Comparison is also drawn with other RES namely wind power, hydroelectric power as well as nuclear power.

Smart grids electric vehicle grid impact study of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

In the below figure according instruction sheets, the simulation task is conducted , where the values of the simulations sources and the load bus bar of system , for the value of single phase is 230V -16A which is provided in the table 1;

This result presented the relationship among the difference of the reference value of voltage as well as also gained value of voltage where the voltage is low due to a comparatively high as per units’ values. By the maximum capacity each bus bar is loaded, where all the value of unit’s voltage is in 0.1% of range and it presenting the same characteristics of the load on every bus bar. It presented the system where the actually values are distributed.  Per units values are greatly above the 1 presented the unstable system which is overloaded. It is not the case for all the bus bar for the load values which also has the per unit voltage below the 1. It is also providing the system below the specified loads in the stable power system as well as it is capable for the suitable delivering of power for each load. Thus the flow of power analysis for the various systems is could be represented change in the charging module which is also used for every solution and it is different for technical power rating.

A. Type 2 - 16A Charging Stations of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Suppose that there is a value of voltage like 230V which is produced the spate charging station in the load of power like 0.00368MW, therefore the flow of power is the analysis of determined in table II;

It is calculated, the greatest number type 2 16A chargers which are possible connected in the system which also has the total value of 51 and it is placed in 15-0-0-0 format.

B. Type 2 - 32A Charging Stations of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Suppose that there is a value of voltage like 230V which is produced the separate charging station in the load of power like 0.00736MW, therefore the flow of power is the analysis of determined in table III;

It is calculated, the greatest number type 2 32A chargers which are possible connected in the system which also has the total value of 25 and it is placed in 25-0-0-0 format.

C. CHAdeMO Charging Stations of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

Suppose that there is a value of voltage like 230V by the value of current which is produced 125A and provides the separate charging station in the load of power like 0.002875MW, therefore the flow of power is the analysis of determined in table IV;

It is calculated the greatest number type CHAdeMo connectors which is rated at 125A which are possible connected in the system which also has the total value of 6 and it is placed in 6-0-0-0 format.

D.    Analysis of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

It is calculated which has the great optimal place and it also loads on the initial bus bars that also has the system loses which is very low. It is due to having the different branches that is also providing the various losses by the comparison of resistance which is placing the loads, and further it is the subsequent branches that induced the further losses.

It might be the unrealistic for the real world thus it also having the cars charging where the one point is un-ideal spatially. Thus it is also having the charging points for the single load that would also induced the behavior of heating that also effect on the charging stations performance  

E.  Why conduct power flow studies of Electrical Power Systems (H6103)

 It is very important for the system planning of power to study the power flow with operations modifications where the load flow is able to provide the different overview for sinusoidal steady states for the internal system. There are different values like line losses, voltage as well as reactive or real power which is also represented and that provide the simulation and insights, in what way the system would behave the several faults which could also predicated as well as appropriately accounted.

Study of power flow is able to provide the magnitude of voltage along with the angles at every bus in the steady states. It is also allows the determination of eth reactive and real power by the every line in power system. Thus the different of the power level at loads ends and at every source is also provides the losses values on the particular line of systems.

Numerical analysis is also provides by the study of the power flow where the impact is removing of adding the load component as well as generator which also has the overall power system. Thus it is also possible to obtained the cost effective supply load choice in given generation which is required limits