Abstract of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
The project is about the “manufacture of Sulfuric acid process.” In this project, the production of Sulfuric acid is elaborated with the different processes for production. In this project, there are different sections explained. As in the first section, the introduction of Sulfuric acid with the objective and history is described. Then in the second section, the manufacturing /production of the Sulfuric is divided into the two process Contact process and lead chamber process. Then for the experimental section, the experiment “Effect of water on sulfuric acid-catalyzed esterification” is discussed. The results and discussion of the experiment give the proper detailed with the figures. At the end of the report, the conclusion, and the nomenclature, and the references with the appendices is also shown in the below discussion.
Table of Contents
List of table 4
List of Figure 4
Introduction 5
Objective 7
History 7
Properties of Sulfuric acid 7
Physical properties 7
Chemical properties 8
Production of Sulfuric Acid Process 8
Contact Process 8
Preparation sulfur dioxide 10
Conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide 10
Conversion sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid 11
Wet sulfuric acid process 11
Combustion: 12
Oxidation: 12
Hydration: 12
Condensation: 12
Experimental 12
Material 13
Results 13
Discussion 14
Conclusion 15
Nomenclature 16
References 17
Appendices 19
List of table
Table 1: Physical properties sulfuric acid 8
Table 2:Result 14
List of Figure
Figure 1: Sulfuric acid 3D ball 6
Figure 2: Manufacturing of sulfuric acid by the contact process 9
Figure 3: Contact process for the manfcuring of sulfuric acid 11
Figure 4: Block diagram of WSA 12
Figure 5: Mechanistic route of acid catalyzed esterification 13
Figure 6: Dependence of kc on water concentration 14
Introduction of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
The most important compound which is created through the chemical industry is known as Sulfuric acid. Due to the industrial application the Sulfuric acid the basic inorganic chemical. Through industry fertilizer, Sulfuric acid is obtained. For the production of synthetics, Viscose, explosives, the Sulfuric acid is used. By the molecular formula H_2 SO_4 Sulfuric acid is the corrosive strong mineral. It is soluble in the water because it is the pungent-ethereal and the colorless of the yellow viscous liquid. Oil of vitriol is the historical name of the is the acid. It presents the different properties because is the acid is the diprotic acid, which is also depending on the concentration, because it is corrosiveness material, for example, the living tissue, metals or even stones. At the high concentration, the Sulfuric acid also causes serious damage upon the contact. By the hydrolysis, it is not only caused the chemical burns but by the dehydration, it burns the thermal. When with the Sulfuric acid handling, it has the safety precautions which are strictly allowed (Umweltbundesamt , 2017). It has a wide application range involving the electrolyte in the lead-acid, cleaner of the acidic drain, and the fertilizer of manufacturing, oil refining, processing of wastewater along with chemical synthesis. By the different methods it is production is possible like;
Contact process
Lead chamber process
Wet Sulfuric acid process
Name Sulfuric acid ( 98-99.5% solution)
Synonyms Sulfuric acid, Oil of Vitriol , Vitriol brown oil, mottling acid, battery acid, electrolyte acid
Molecular weight 98.09g/mol
Formula H_2 SO_4
Structure
The basic raw material is Sulfuric acid, which is used in the manufacturing process as well as in the industrial process. In the use of the production for phosphate fertilizers, the 70% Sulfuric acid is manufactured. Whereas the other uses involve the inorganic production of pigment, copper leaching, refining of petroleum, industrial organic chemical production as well as paper production. Commercially the Sulfuric acid is manufactured through the contact process as well as the lead chamber process due to the economics of Sulfuric acid in the U.S, which is produced by the Contact process. The strong mineral acid is Sulfuric acid, which is soluble in the water at every concentration. One of the top products of the chemical industry is Sulfuric acid, where the major use of Sulfuric acid in the wet method is phosphoric acid production that is used for the fertilizers of phosphate manufactures along with the detergent of trisodium phosphate (Louie, 2005).
As the lead-acid battery, the fertilizers are used for the detergent of manufactures like (dyestuff) , artificial fibers, explosives, pigments by the titanium dioxide, which is also used to build the fertilizers.
Example:
2N〖H_3〗_((aq))+ H_2 S〖O_4〗_aq→(NH_4 )_2 S〖O_4〗_aq
The 3D ball structure of Sulfuric acid is also shown in the below figure;
Objective of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
The objective of the project is the manufacturing of Sulfuric acid.
Explain the process of the manufacturing of Sulfuric acid.
At last, we introduced the experiments with Sulfuric acid, obtained the results, and discussion of experiments.
History of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
By the medieval European alchemists, Sulfuric acid is also known as the “Oil of Vitriol” due to that because the preparation of Sulfuric acid is through the green vitriol roasted in the iron retort. In 1808 the John Dalton showed the molecule of Sulfuric acid as the center of the sulfur atom, which is bonded for the three oxygen atoms or the sulfur oxide and the Sulfuric acid anhydride (King & al, 2013).
Properties of Sulfuric acid
Physical properties of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
Chemical formula
H_2 SO_4
Molar mass
98.079 g/mol
Appearance Clear, colorless liquid
Odor
odorless
Density
1.8302 g/cm3, liquid
Melting point
10.31°C (50.56 °F; 283.46 K)
Boiling point
337 °C (639 °F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 °C (572 °F), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2
Table 1: Physical properties sulfuric acid
Chemical properties of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
There is the following reaction of sulfuric acid, and it has the chemical properties
Reaction with Dehydrating property and Water
H_2 SO_4+ H_2 O →H_3 O^++ HSO_4 Ka_1=2.4×10^6 ( strong acid)
HSO_4^-+H_2 O→ H_3 O^+ SO_4^(2-) Ka_2=1.0×10^(-2)
⏞(C_12 H_22 O_11 )┴(surcose ) (H_2 SO_4)¦→ 12C¦((black graphite foam)+11H_2 O
⏞(C_6 H_10 O_5 )┴(polysaccharide ) (H_2 SO_4)¦→ 6nC+5nH_2 O
⏞(Cu〖SO〗_4 )┴(copper(II)sulfate hydrate ) (H_2 SO_4)¦→ █(⏞(Cu〖SO〗_4 )@(white powder) )┴(Anhydrous copper(II)sulfate )+5H_2 O
Production of Sulfuric Acid Process
There is a different process for the manufacturing/production of the sulfuric acid;
Contact Process
Wet sulfuric acid process
Lead Chamber process
Contact Process of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
For the manufacturing of the sulfuric acid, the contact process is used. Whereas the basic principle of the contact process is patented like the long ago in 1831 through the English Vinegar manufacture .approximately 50 years spent on this process, which is also implemented on a large scale then replace by the lead chamber process for the sulfuric acid production. The contact process is better because the lead chamber process is possible to produce the sulfuric acid for 78% which is the maximum concentration. By the higher concentration, sulfuric acid, along with the oleum, has to be obtained by the multiple distillations (LD Chemistry Leaflets, 2015). Lead Chamber and the contact process by the heterogeneous of the catalytic process where the catalyst is present in the various phases from a reactant, as shown in appendix 1.
From the raw material like sulfur, air and water the sulfuric acid is manufactured and it includes the production of the sulfur trioxide in the Contact process, due to usefulness;
There are different stages of the manufacturing of sulfuric acid by the contact process;
There are different stages in the contact process for the Manufacturing of sulfuric acid;
Preparation sulfur dioxide
Conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide
Conversion sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid
Preparation sulfur dioxide
By burning the Sulfur in excess of air then the sulfur dioxide can be obtained;
S(s)+ O_2 (g)→SO_2
In excess of air, the sulfur dioxide also obtained by the heating of sulfide ores.
4FeS_2 (s)+ 〖11O〗_2 (g)→2Fe2O_3 (s)+ 8SO_2 (g)
Conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide
In the below reaction, which is a reversible reaction as well as the sulfur trioxide formation is exothermic
2So_2 (g)+ O_2 (g)→2So_3 (g) ∆H= -196 kJmol^(-1)
The flow scheme for this part is given below;
The detailed flow diagram for the Conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide of contact process is shown in below appendix 2
Conversion sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid
The reaction of the sulfur trioxide is uncontrollable because it creates the fog, then the sulfur trioxide is dissolved in the concentrated sulfuric acid;
H_2 So_4 (I)+ 〖SO〗_3 (g)→H_2 S_2 O_7 (I)
H_2 S_2 O_7 (I) It is known as oleum fuming sulfuric acid;
Then it can be reached by the water to produce the sulfuric acid (Clark, 2002);
H_2 S_2 O_7 (I)+ H_2 O(g)→〖2H〗_2 SO_4 (I)
The line diagram of the manufacture of sulfur dioxide by the heat exchanger is shown in the below appendix 3;
The final contact process for the manufacturing of sulfuric acid is shown in the below diagram;
Wet sulfuric acid process
In the different cases, the Wet Sulfuric acid (WSA) process is superior which has the alternative Claus of the process by the production of sulfur, which contains different gases. WSA is the conversion process of sulfurous streams into Sulfuric acid (Jawad & al, 2013).
There are the following processes in the WSA;
Combustion of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process:
H_2 S +1/2 O_2 ⇌ H_2 O + SO_2 + 518 kJ/mole
Oxidation of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process:
SO_2+1/2 O_2 ⇌ SO_3 + 99 kJ/mole
Hydration of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process:
SO3 + H2O ⇌ H2SO4 (g) + 101 kJ/mole
Condensation of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process:
H_2 SO_2 (g)+ H_2 SO_4 (l) + 90 kJ/mole
The block diagram of the WSA is given below;
Experimental of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
The experiment is about the effect of water on Sulfuric acid, which catalyzed the esterification of acetic acid by the methanol at 60℃. With the low concentration use of the Sulfuric acid, the kinetic, as well as the reverse reaction, is measured along with the concentration of initial water. And it is determined by the activity of catalytic Sulfuric acid that is strongly inhibited through the water. By using the sulfuric acid, the esterification of acetic acid by the methanol is investigated (Liu & al, 2006).
Material of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
99.9% methanol and the 99.7% acetic acid of reagents along with the water are used without the purifications. The acetic acid, as well as methanol, is hygroscopic by the content of moistures for the regents, which are obtained through the Galbraith Laboratory using Karl Fischer titration. After the 961 pp of acetic acid as well as 160ppm for methanol is shown in the analysis. The protonation of catalyst is essentially promoted for the carbolic oxygen in the carboxylic group; thus, the activating of nucleophilic attacked through the alcohol in the form of the tetrahedral intermediate is obtained. The intermediate Disproportionation for the yield ester is shown in the below figure
Results of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
For this experiment the result which is obtained, it is the reaction constant for the autocatalysis of at the 60℃ by the different initial water concentration which is also summarized in the below table;
C_W (M)^(a,b) 0.4 1.6 3.0 9.3
C_(A,o) (M)^c 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.3
Equivalent acetic acid on C_(A,o) 4.9 18.0 29.8 59.6
k_Auto 13.7 11.2 11.6 13.0
Table 2:Result of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
When the content of water is changed from 0.4-9.3M the autocatalytic activity is also changed. Then the impact of the water on the sulfuric acid for the acid-catalyzed of esterifications is determined in the below graph;
Discussion of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
The overall rate of esterifications is written as;
-(dC_A)/dt=(k_C C_C+k_auto C_A ) C_A C_M-(k_(-C) C_C+k_(-Auto) C_A ) C_E C_W
In the above equation k_(-C) ,and k_(-auto) is presented the acid-catalyzed and C_C,C_A,C_E,C_w shows the concentration of sulfuric acid.
The above equation can be reduced as;
dx/dt=[k_C C_C C_(A,o)+k_Auto C_(A,0)^0 ](1-x)(C_(M,0)/C_(A,0) -x)
By the integration the above equation as; and suppose k_1= k_C C_C+ k_Auto C_A at theC_(M,0)/C_(A,0) =2
ln( 〖2-x〗_t/(I-x_t ))-ln(〖2-x〗_0/(I-x_0 ))=k_1 C_A
Conclusion of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
Summing up all the discussion, it is concluded that the project is about the manufacturing of Sulfuric acid. Then in the production and manufacturing of the sulfuric acid, different processes are used, as mentioned in the above research. After the detailed analysis and research, it satisfies the contact Process is best for the production of the sulfuric acid. Because it is an accurate process, and give present details with proper explanation. Then the explanation of the experiment with the sulfuric acid is explained. And in this experiment, in the initial kinetic reaction, there is a decreased by the increasing concentration of water, which is also shown the catalysis of the esterification proceeds of water in the results sections. The entire objective and the requirements of the project are fulfilled.
Nomenclature of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
Formula of acid Anion Name of Acid
H_2 SO_4 SO_4^(2-) , sulfate sulfuric acid
CH3COOH [CH3COO]−acetate , Acetic acid
SO₂ S2O- Sulfur dioxide
SO3 S3-, Sulfur trioxide
H_2 〖S_2 O〗_7 Oleum
References of Manufacture of Sulfuric acid process
Ashar, N. G., & al. E. (2013). A Practical Guide to the Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid, Oleums, and Sulfonating Agent. Springer Science and Business Media.
Ashar, N. G., & al. E. (2013). A Practical Guide to the Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid, Oleums, and Sulfonating Agents. Springer Science & Business Media,
Askiitians.com. (2019). About Sulphuric Acid. Retrieved from https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements/sulphuric-acid/
Clark, J. (2002, April). THE CONTACT PROCESS. Retrieved from https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/contact.html
Derekcarrsavvy. (2017, October 23). The Contact process for the manufacture of Sulphuric acid H2SO4. Retrieved from https://Derekcarrsavvy-chemist.blogspot.com/search/label/Intermolecular%20Forces
Essentialchemicalindustry. (2016, October 9). Sulfuric acid. Retrieved from http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/sulfuric-acid.html
Jawad, A., & al. E. (2013). Simulation of a Wet Sulfuric Acid Process (WSA) for Utilization of Acid Gas Separated from Omani Natural Gas. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 9(3), 58- 69.
King, M., & al. E. (2013). Sulfuric Acid Manufacture: Analysis, Control and Optimization (2 ed.). Newnes.
LD Chemistry Leaflets. (2015). Manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process. Retrieved from https://www.ld-didactic.de/documents/en-US/EXP/C/C5/C5111_e.pdf
Liu, Y., & al. E. (2006). Effect of water on sulfuric acid-catalyzed esterification. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 245((1-2)), 132–140.
Louie, D. K. (2005). Handbook of Sulphuric Acid Manufacturing (illustrated, reprint ed.). DKL Engineering, Inc.
Umweltbundesamt . (2017). SULPHURIC ACID PRODUCTION . Vienna . Retrieved from https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/umweltthemen/industrie/pdfs/ici/Sulphuric_acid_production-Installation_1.pdf
