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Renaissance
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The Renaissance was actually a period in the history of
Europe which marked the transition to Modernity from Middle Ages, and
covering the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries. It wouldn’t be wrong to say
that proponents of a long period of Renaissance put its beginning in the
fourteenth century and its end in the seventeenth century. This period is
referred to as the Renaissance because several aspects of life were changed,
especially literature and art. This period came with a completely different
line of thought and served to enlighten people. |
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Expansion of Trade |
In the period of Renaissance, trade brought many new goods
and ideas to Europe. Prosperous cities were created by a bustling economy and
new classes were also created who had sufficient enough money to support
learning and art. Italian city-states such as Genoa and Venice were located
on the routes of trade which connected East with the Europe. Both of these
states were swarmed up with trading centers and it served to contribute
significantly to the economy of a number of European nations. Various trading
ships brought products and goods to Russia, Scandinavia, and England. |
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Banking and the Medici |
The Medici Bank was actually a financial institution and
it was developed by the Italian Medici family during the fifteenth century.
It was considered the most respected and largest bank in Europe when it was
in its prime states and there are estimates that the Medici family was considered
the wealthiest family present in Europe for a long time. In currency today,
estimating their wealth is quite difficult because they not only owned gold
and land but also art. |
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Machiavelli |
Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian poet, playwright, writer,
philosopher, historian, politician, and diplomat of the Renaissance period
and he has been considered the father of political philosophy in the modern
times. For several years, he fulfilled his responsibilities as a senior
official in Florentine Republic with duties in both military and diplomatic
affairs. He not only wrote poetry and carnival songs but also comedies and
his personal correspondence is of critical importance to both scholars and
historians. |
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Emergence of Humanism |
Renaissance Humanism is quite different form the humanism
which emerged in the later centuries and it originated in the thirteenth
century and it dominated Europe throughout the period of Renaissance. At its
core, there was a study and research of classical texts for altering the
contemporary thinking and creating a completely new line of thought. It
wouldn’t be wrong to say that one mode of thinking about different ideas in
the Renaissance is Humanism. |
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Impact of Printing |
One of the most significant aspects of the period of Renaissance
in the 15th century is Humanism. And since the press’s invention,
medieval characteristics were lost by the western culture and it was a
significant shift form hand-written books to printed books. It can be said
that the name most related to press is Johannes Gutenberg who invented not
the press but the development of variable-width and moveable metal type.
Actually, printing allowed the spread of books to different areas and people. |
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Michelangelo |
Michelangelo was generally an Italian poet, architect,
painter, and sculptor of the High Renaissance. He was born in the Republic of
Florence and exerted a significant influence on Western art’s development. He
is considered one of the greatest artists in Italy because of his artistic
versatility. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that Michelangelo along with
Leonardo da Vinci are considered two of the most important influential
figures in the history of Italy. |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
Leonardo da Vinci was considered the Renaissance’s Italian
Polymath whose interest areas included cartography, paleontology, botany,
astronomy, geology, anatomy, literature, engineering, mathematics, music,
science, architecture, sculpture, painting, drawing, and invention. He has
been referred to as the father of architecture, ichnology, and paleontology,
and is widely recognized as one of the greatest painters. He was born in
Florence and educated in the Andrea del Verrochhio’s studio. He is mostly
recognized because of his masterpieces in art such as Mona Lisa and the Last
Supper. |
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The Hapsburgs |
The House of Habsburg is also referred to as the House of
Austria and it was one of the most distinguished and influential European
royal houses. The Holy Roman Empire’s throne was primarily occupied by the
Habsburgs to 1740 from 1438. It can be said that several kings were produced
by it or Spain, Portugal, Galicia, Croatia, Hungary, and Bohemia with their
respective areas and colonies. From the sixteenth century, the dynasty was
divided between its Spanish and Austrian branches. A number of dynastic
marriages allowed the family to expand its domains and bases to include the
colonial empire, Spain, and Burgundy. |
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Ottoman Turks Defeat Byzantines |
For a long time in the history, the foes of Ottoman Turks
were Byzantines. And it can be said that the Fall of Constantinople was the
capture of Byzantine Empire’s capital city by an invading army of Ottomans in
1453. The attackers were actually commanded by Sultan Mehmed II who was only
twenty-one years old. He defeated an army which was commanded by Palaiologos
who took control of the capital and ended the siege that had started on 6th
of April. Once the city was conquered, Ottoman’s capital was transferred to
Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed. |
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Protestant Reformation
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The Protestant Reformation was actually the sixteenth
cultural, intellectual, political, and religious upheaval that splintered the
Catholic Europe, setting beliefs and structures in place which would define
the continent in the modern times. In the central and northern Europe,
reformers like Henry VIII, John Calvin, and Martin Luther challenged the
papal authority while questioning the ability of Church to define Christian
practice. They argue for political and religious redistribution of power into
the Bible’s hands. |
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Erasmus |
Erasmus was an illegitimate son of a priest and he was
born in Rotterdam in 1466. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that he was ordained
in 1492 and studied in Paris. And from 1499, the life of an independent
scholar was adopted by him, moving from city to city corresponding, lecturing,
and tutoring thinkers throughout Europe. |
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Thomas More |
Thomas More or Sir Thomas More was actually venerated in
the Catholic Church. He was primarily an English lawyer, statesman, author,
social philosopher, and a renowned Renaissance humanist. He was also a
chancellor to The Hendry VII. In addition to it, he became the Lord High
Chancellor in the sixteenth century. |
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Early Luther |
Luther was born on tenth of November in 1483 and he was
ordinated to priesthood in 1507. He is known for rejecting various practices
and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the ones related to
indulgences. An academic discussion of the efficacy and practice of
indulgences was also proposed by him in his Ninety-Five Theses. |
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Justification |
It can be said that in Christian Theology, justification
is referred to as the righteous act of God concerned with removing the
penalty and guilt of sin while declaring ungodly to be righteous through the
atoning sacrifice of Christ. |
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Indulgence Controversy |
Irritated by a Dominican friar, Johann Tetzel who was
reported to have preached to the people about the indulgence’s letter which
was concerned with entailing the forgiveness of sins, a set of propositions
was drafted by Luther. A copy of Ninety-Five Theses was released by Luther.
This scenario is referred to as the Indulgence Controversy. |
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Quickening Rebellion |
In 1519 July, the controversy was changed when the man
opposing Luther or Johann Eck challenged him to deny and question of the
power of councils and Pope. Then, Luther knew that he would begin to see the
results for standing up to the Pope and Catholic Church. Moving on, three
pamphlets were written by Luther which were directed at Pope and the issues
within the Catholic Church. |
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95 Theses |
In response to the Catholic Church, “The 95 Theses” or
“Disputation on the power and Efficacy of Indulgences” were written by Martin
Luther. These were a list of propositions and questions for debate. A copy of
95 Theses was nailed by Martin Luther to the Wittenberg Castle Church’s door.
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Rise of Lutheranism |
In the early sixteenth century, Lutheranism as a religious
movement emerged in the Roman Empire for forming the Catholic Church. The
origination of movement occurred with the call for a public debate related to
several issues existing in the Catholic Church. With time, Lutheranism became
a wide political and religious movement within the Roman Empire. |
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Spread of Luther’s Ideas |
With the emergence of Lutheranism in the sixteenth
century, it gradually spread throughout the northern European areas and it
became the driving force behind the Protestant Reformation. Gradually, it
spread to all populated contents from Europe. |
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Peasants’ War |
Peasant’s War emerged in 1524 and it portrayed the
uprising of peasant in Germany. Inspired by the changes and modifications
which were brought by reformation, peasants in southern and western Germany
invoked divine law for demanding agrarian freedom and rights from oppression
by landlords and nobles. With the spread of uprising, armies were also organized
by some peasants. |
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Reformation in |
Reformation in England was actually a series of different
events in the sixteenth century. In these events, England broke away from the
Pope’s authority. In addition to it, taxes of Church were straight paid to
Rome and the final word in bishop appointment belonged to Pope. |
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Henry VIII |
Henry VIII was actually the King of England in the
sixteenth century. In addition to it, he was the second Tudor monarch and
succeeded Henry VII who was his father. He is recognized for his six
marriages. |
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John Calvin |
John Calvin was actually a French reformer, pastor, and
theologian in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was considered a
principal figure in the development of Christian Theology’s system. There were
a number of Presbyterian, Reformed, and Congregational churches which
considered him as their prime expositor of their beliefs. |
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Predestination |
Predestination is a doctrine that each and every event
have been developed by God with a reference to an individual soul’s fate.
Explanation of predestination generally have the aim of addressing the
paradox of free will. |
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The Catholic Reformation |
It can be said that the Catholic Reformation was the
intellectual battle against Protestantism. And the desire for reform in the
Catholic Church had begun before Luther’s spread. Most of the educated
Catholics desired a change. For instance, Luther and Erasmus both recognized
the faults which existed within the Papacy. |
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Council of |
The Council of Trent was held between 1545-1563 in Trento
or Trent which existed in northern Italy. It was the Catholic Church’s
nineteenth ecumenical council. In addition to it, it was started by the
Protestant Reformation and has been recognized as Counter-Reformation’s
embodiment. |
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Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the
following propositions will be discussed at
In the Name our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He said Poenitentiam agite,
willed that the whole life of believers should be repentance.
2. This word cannot be understood to mean sacramental penance, i.e.,
confession and satisfaction, which is administered by the priests.
3. Yet it means not inward repentance only; nay, there is no inward
repentance which does not outwardly work divers mortifications of the flesh.
4. The penalty [of sin], therefore, continues so long as hatred of self
continues; for this is the true inward repentance, and continues until our
entrance into the kingdom of heaven.
5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties
other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of
the Canons.
6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has been
remitted by God and by assenting to God's remission; though, to be sure, he may
grant remission in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant
remission in such cases were despised, the guilt would remain entirely
unforgiven.
7. God remits guilt to no one whom He does not, at the same time, humble
in all things and bring into subjection to His vicar, the priest.
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according
to them, nothing should be imposed on the dying.
9. Therefore the Holy Spirit in the pope is kind to us, because in his
decrees he always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.
10. Ignorant and wicked are the doings of those priests who, in the case
of the dying, reserve canonical penances for purgatory.
11. This changing of the canonical penalty to the penalty of purgatory
is quite evidently one of the tares that were sown while the bishops slept.
12. In former times the canonical penalties were imposed not after, but
before absolution, as tests of true contrition.
13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties; they are already
dead to canonical rules, and have a right to be released from them.
14. The imperfect health [of soul], that is to say, the imperfect love,
of the dying brings with it, of necessity, great fear; and the smaller the
love, the greater is the fear.
15. This fear and horror is sufficient of itself alone (to say nothing
of other things) to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near
to the horror of despair.
16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ as do despair,
almost-despair, and the assurance of safety.
17. With souls in purgatory it seems necessary that horror should grow
less and love increase.
18. It seems unproved, either by reason or Scripture, that they are
outside the state of merit, that is to say, of increasing love.
19. Again, it seems unproved that they, or at least that all of them,
are certain or assured of their own blessedness, though we may be quite certain
of it.
20. Therefore by "full remission of all penalties" the pope
means not actually "of all," but only of those imposed by himself.
21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that
by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved;
22. Whereas he remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which, according
to the canons, they would have had to pay in this life.
23. If it is at all possible to grant to any one the remission of all
penalties whatsoever, it is certain that this remission can be granted only to
the most perfect, that is, to the very fewest.
24. It must needs be, therefore, that the greater part of the people are
deceived by that indiscriminate and highsounding promise of release from
penalty.
25. The power which the pope has, in a general way, over purgatory, is
just like the power which any bishop or curate has, in a special way, within
his own diocese or parish.
26. The pope does well when he grants remission to souls [in purgatory],
not by the power of the keys (which he does not possess), but by way of
intercession.
27. They preach man who say that so soon as the penny jingles into the
money-box, the soul flies out [of purgatory].
28. It is certain that when the penny jingles into the money-box, gain
and avarice can be increased, but the result of the intercession of the Church
is in the power of God alone.
29. Who knows whether all the souls in purgatory wish to be bought out
of it, as in the legend of Sts. Severinus and Paschal.
30. No one is sure that his own contrition is sincere; much less that he
has attained full remission.
31. Rare as is the man that is truly penitent, so rare is also the man
who truly buys indulgences, i.e., such men are most rare.
32. They will be condemned eternally, together with their teachers, who
believe themselves sure of their salvation because they have letters of pardon.
33. Men must be on their guard against those who say that the pope's
pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to Him;
34. For these "graces of pardon" concern only the penalties of
sacramental satisfaction, and these are appointed by man.
35. They preach no Christian doctrine who teach that contrition is not
necessary in those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory or to buy
confessionalia.
36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of
penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the
blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even
without letters of pardon.
38. Nevertheless, the remission and participation [in the blessings of
the Church] which are granted by the pope are in no way to be despised, for
they are, as I have said, the declaration of divine remission.
39. It is most difficult, even for the very keenest theologians, at one
and the same time to commend to the people the abundance of pardons and [the
need of] true contrition.
40. True contrition seeks and loves penalties, but liberal pardons only
relax penalties and cause them to be hated, or at least, furnish an occasion
[for hating them].
41. Apostolic pardons are to be preached with caution, lest the people
may falsely think them preferable to other good works of love.
42. Christians are to be taught that the pope does not intend the buying
of pardons to be compared in any way to works of mercy.
43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends
to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;
44. Because love grows by works of love, and man becomes better; but by
pardons man does not grow better, only more free from penalty.
45. 45. Christians are to be taught that he who sees a man in need, and
passes him by, and gives [his money] for pardons, purchases not the indulgences
of the pope, but the indignation of God.
46. Christians are to be taught that unless they have more than they
need, they are bound to keep back what is necessary for their own families, and
by no means to squander it on pardons.
47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of pardons is a matter
of free will, and not of commandment.
48. Christians are to be taught that the pope, in granting pardons,
needs, and therefore desires, their devout prayer for him more than the money
they bring.
49. Christians are to be taught that the pope's pardons are useful, if
they do not put their trust in them; but altogether harmful, if through them
they lose their fear of God.
50. Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of
the pardon-preachers, he would rather that St. Peter's church should go to
ashes, than that it should be built up with the skin, flesh and bones of his
sheep.
51. Christians are to be taught that it would be the pope's wish, as it is
his duty, to give of his own money to very many of those from whom certain
hawkers of pardons cajole money, even though the
52. The assurance of salvation by letters of pardon is vain, even though
the commissary, nay, even though the pope himself, were to stake his soul upon
it.
53. They are enemies of Christ and of the pope, who bid the Word of God
be altogether silent in some Churches, in order that pardons may be preached in
others.
54. Injury is done the Word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal or
a longer time is spent on pardons than on this Word.
55. It must be the intention of the pope that if pardons, which are a
very small thing, are celebrated with one bell, with single processions and
ceremonies, then the Gospel, which is the very greatest thing, should be
preached with a hundred bells, a hundred processions, a hundred ceremonies.
56. The "treasures of the Church," out of which the pope.
grants indulgences, are not sufficiently named or known among the people of
Christ.
57. That they are not temporal treasures is certainly evident, for many
of the vendors do not pour out such treasures so easily, but only gather them.
58. Nor are they the merits of Christ and the Saints, for even without
the pope, these always work grace for the inner man, and the cross, death, and
hell for the outward man.
59. St. Lawrence said that the treasures of the Church were the Church's
poor, but he spoke according to the usage of the word in his own time.
60. Without rashness we say that the keys of the Church, given by
Christ's merit, are that treasure;
61. For it is clear that for the remission of penalties and of reserved
cases, the power of the pope is of itself sufficient.
62. The true treasure of the Church is the Most Holy Gospel of the glory
and the grace of God.
63. But this treasure is naturally most odious, for it makes the first
to be last.
64. On the other hand, the treasure of indulgences is naturally most
acceptable, for it makes the last to be first.
65. Therefore the treasures of the Gospel are nets with which they
formerly were wont to fish for men of riches.
66. The treasures of the indulgences are nets with which they now fish
for the riches of men.
67. The indulgences which the preachers cry as the "greatest graces"
are known to be truly such, in so far as they promote gain.
68. Yet they are in truth the very smallest graces compared with the
grace of God and the piety of the Cross.
69. Bishops and curates are bound to admit the commissaries of apostolic
pardons, with all reverence.
70. But still more are they bound to strain all their eyes and attend
with all their ears, lest these men preach their own dreams instead of the
commission of the pope.
71. He who speaks against the truth of apostolic pardons, let him be
anathema and accursed!
72. But he who guards against the lust and license of the
pardon-preachers, let him be blessed!
73. The pope justly thunders against those who, by any art, contrive the
injury of the traffic in pardons.
74. But much more does he intend to thunder against those who use the
pretext of pardons to contrive the injury of holy love and truth.
75. To think the papal pardons so great that they could absolve a man
even if he had committed an impossible sin and violated the Mother of God --
this is madness.
76. We say, on the contrary, that the papal pardons are not able to
remove the very least of venial sins, so far as its guilt is concerned.
77. It is said that even St. Peter, if he were now Pope, could not
bestow greater graces; this is blasphemy against St. Peter and against the
pope.
78. We say, on the contrary, that even the present pope, and any pope at
all, has greater graces at his disposal; to wit, the Gospel, powers, gifts of
healing, etc., as it is written in I. Corinthians xii.
79. To say that the cross, emblazoned with the papal arms, which is set
up [by the preachers of indulgences], is of equal worth with the Cross of
Christ, is blasphemy.
80. The bishops, curates and theologians who allow such talk to be
spread among the people, will have an account to render.
81. This unbridled preaching of pardons makes it no easy matter, even
for learned men, to rescue the reverence due to the pope from slander, or even
from the shrewd questionings of the laity.
82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake
of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an
infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a
Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most
trivial."
83. Again: -- "Why are mortuary and anniversary masses for the dead
continued, and why does he not return or permit the withdrawal of the
endowments founded on their behalf, since it is wrong to pray for the
redeemed?"
84. Again: -- "What is this new piety of God and the pope, that for
money they allow a man who is impious and their enemy to buy out of purgatory
the pious soul of a friend of God, and do not rather, because of that pious and
beloved soul's own need, free it for pure love's sake?"
85. Again: -- "Why are the penitential canons long since in actual
fact and through disuse abrogated and dead, now satisfied by the granting of
indulgences, as though they were still alive and in force?"
86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day
greater than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter
with his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?"
87. Again: -- "What is it that the pope remits, and what
participation does he grant to those who, by perfect contrition, have a right
to full remission and participation?"
88. Again: -- "What greater blessing could come to the Church than
if the pope were to do a hundred times a day what he now does once, and bestow
on every believer these remissions and participations?"
89. "Since the pope, by his pardons, seeks the salvation of souls
rather than money, why does he suspend the indulgences and pardons granted
heretofore, since these have equal efficacy?"
90. To repress these arguments and scruples of the laity by force alone,
and not to resolve them by giving reasons, is to expose the Church and the pope
to the ridicule of their enemies, and to make Christians unhappy.
91. If, therefore, pardons were preached according to the spirit and mind
of the pope, all these doubts would be readily resolved; nay, they would not
exist.
92. Away, then, with all those prophets who say to the people of Christ,
"Peace, peace," and there is no peace!
93. Blessed be all those prophets who say to the people of Christ,
"Cross, cross," and there is no cross!
94. Christians are to be exhorted that they be diligent in following
Christ, their Head, through penalties, deaths, and hell;
95. And thus be confident of entering into heaven rather through many
tribulations, than through the assurance of peace.
Summarize Luther’s Main Points
If the teaching and main
points of Luther are summarized, it can be said that Martin Luther wanted
people to return to Bible as the foundation for all practices and doctrines.
Although it is possible that his understanding of some doctrines of Bible
might have skewed by the roots in Catholicism, his objective was still
concerned with seeing the reformation of Church – that is, seeing the Church
conforming to the necessary Scriptures. Still the main points are: ·
Imputation of
righteousness of Christ given to believers ·
No power is
possessed by the papacy ·
Sacraments are
considered integral in the life of a Christian · And the duty of human to be the head and lead the family to scriptures |
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Which do you think are his most powerful and why? Following are the main and
most important points: ·
Imputation of
righteousness of Christ given to believers ·
No power is
possessed by the papacy ·
Sacraments are
considered integral in the life of a Christian ·
And the duty of
human to be the head and lead the family to scriptures I believe that these are the most significant points because they form the foundation of Christianity and also explain how sacraments must be adhered to in order to be a Christian. These are important because they not only form Christianity’s foundation but also guide people how they should be living their lives as Christians. |
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When comparing Roman Catholic and Protestant churches
today, what evidence is found here that may explain differing viewpoints on
Christianity? The main evidence which can explain the different viewpoints on Christianity is that Catholic Christianity has a belief that the church was established by God for helping people towards the heaven. These Christians believe that if individuals don’t choose to follow God, they will be sinning. Meanwhile, Protestants have a belief that every individual has the freedom of determining how they want to worship God. |
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How does
the theme, "The importance of history is realizing its presence"
connect to people and/or events in this module? Provide examples. This theme refers to the events which were not considered that much important in the world as they are considered at present. It can be related to the event when Luther introduced his points and how they were not considered as significant as they are at the moment. In the 21st century, numerous studies have already been conducted on these statements or points made by Martin Luther. In addition to it, numerous researchers have studied the points thoroughly as well. It can be said that these points are considered a lot more significant at present than they were considered in the past. The same can be said about Leonardo da Vinci as well. His works might not have been considered as significant and critical as they are considered at present. In the past, he was only renowned in some specific nations but at present, he is a renowned figured in countless countries (Luther, 2002). |
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How does the theme, "The same conditions always produce the same results" connect to people and/or events in this module? Provide examples. It has been explained in the module that the West was impacted significantly by printing. For instance, it allowed a number of important works to be published and made available to the public. It also enabled people to make their written works available to the public and increase their awareness. When it comes to awareness, a significant contribution was made by printing. Shortly after printing was initiated in one nation, it was followed by other neighboring nations as well. Other nations also began to practice printing. This development of printing can be related to the theme “the same conditions always produce the same results.” Similar to the results which were produced in the first nation, the same types of results were produced in other countries. |
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How does the theme "The only thing new in the world is the history you didn't know" connect to people and/or themes in this module? Provide examples The theme “the only thing new in the world is the history you didn’t know” can be related to the unawareness of British towards the revolution which had taken place in France and Italy. It was actually the Italian and French revolution that reached Britain and caused the painters and poets to change how they were creating and producing their works. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that this revolution caused poets and painters in Britain to experience new ideas and thoughts about literature and other sectors of life. The British didn’t revolutionize until they experienced the foreign ideas and they wouldn’t have changed their ideals if those foreign ideas hadn’t been experienced by them (Mokyr, 2018). |
GRADING RUBRIC
Score of ‘A’:
·Shows a thorough understanding of the person, place,
thing, or event
·Addresses what preceded the person, place, thing, or
event
·Addresses what resulted from the person, place, thing,
or event
·Richly supports term with relevant facts and details
·Provides information in the words of the student, not
just recopying information from the text
Score of ‘B’:
·Shows a thorough understanding of the person, place,
thing, or event
·Addresses what preceded the person, place, thing, or
event
·Addresses what resulted from the person, place, thing,
or event
·Adequately supports term with relevant facts and
details
·Provides information in the words of the student, not
just recopying information from the text
Score of ‘C’:
·Shows a basic understanding of the person, place,
thing, or event
·Somewhat addresses what preceded the person, place,
thing, or event
·Somewhat addresses what resulted from the person,
place, thing, or event
·Somewhat supports term with relevant facts and details
·Provides information that reflects recopying from the
text
Score of ‘F’:
·Shows little or no understanding of the person, place,
thing, or event
·Does not address what preceded the person, place,
thing, or event
·Does not address what resulted from the person, place,
thing, or event
·Does not support term with relevant facts and details
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