Report on Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Submitted to Dr. Awsan Ahmad

Date:  16/12/2019

Table of Contents

Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 3

1.   Introduction...................................................................................................................... 4

2.   Literature Review............................................................................................................... 5

3.   Objective Statement......................................................................................................... 11

4.   Methodology................................................................................................................... 11

5.   Analysis and Results......................................................................................................... 12

1.2. Decision Hierarchy................................................................................................ 12

1.3. Pairwise Comparisons........................................................................................... 13

1.4. CAPEX Evaluation.................................................................................................. 14

1.5. Remaining Factors Evaluation................................................................................ 16

1.6. Weighting Evaluation Factors ............................................................................... 17

1.7. Selecting Best Alternative ..................................................................................... 18

 Executive Summary of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Industrial waste management solutions are discussed in this report. Three alternative solutions for the disposal of waste considered, studied and analyzed using AHP method. The solutions considered were on-site recycling, pipelining, tanker trucking. After analysing and application of proper MCDM techniques, this report recommends the use of tanker trucking as the best mean of transportation of the Jubail plant’s industrial waste to comply with the Royal Commission of Jubail requirements.

 1.  Introduction of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Royal Commission of Jubail established new policies for chemical plants in the Jubail Industrial City for the management of hazardous chemical waste which cannot be simply drained in the sewer water network. Therefore, a chemical plant in Jubail has to plan for management transportation system to be able to comply with Royal Commission Jubail new policies. There are several strategies to be analyzed and studied and a chemical plant decision maker has to select the best strategy to fulfill Royal Commission of Jubail organic waste management policies. Three decision strategies considered in this report for the disposal of the hazardous waste safely with minimum risk. The first option is to recycle and treat the waste on site at the plant’s premise to transform waste to green material that can be easily disposed of, second option is to utilize tanker trucks loading and unloading of waste from the plants the waste management facility, the third option is to construct fixed pipelines and connect to existing Marafiq’s industrial wastewater network for the treatment and disposal of waste. The strategy was evaluated using the following factors: the capital expenditure, operation expenditure and risk factors.

2.  Literature Review of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

1.1      valuation Of Treatment Technologies For Leachate Concentrate From Nf/Ro Using Analytic Hierarchy Process:

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate is one of the most challenging problems that are facing the industry nowadays and it needs to be treated effectively before disposal into environment. L. ZHANG*, D. YUE (2018) evaluate multiple treatment technologies in terms of efficiency, operating cost, environmental benefits and operating level using analytic hierarchy process (AHP).  Data were collected and ranked based on experts inputs, including alternatives which are as follow:

Then, the author constructed the following AHP three:

As a result of the AHP model considering the three aspects (Environment benefit, Economic benefit and Management benefit), SEC was the optimum technology for leachate concentrate treatment.

1.2. Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in a Waste Treatment Technology Assessment in Mexico (1) :

One of the important problems in the rural communities in Mexico is the solid waste handling. This paper established a decision-making model to aid municipal decision makers in choosing the new technologies. Since there is no available technology in public documents, this paper developed a technical assessment using the analytics hierarchy process to determine which soil waste treatment would be perfect to the rural communities. There are several criteria proposed for this, which are:

1.         Social.

2.         Environmental.

3.         Political.

4.         Economic.

5.         Inputs.

The solid waste components considered in the study were

1.         Cotton.

2.         Aluminium.

3.         Batteries.

4.         Cardboards.

5.         Leather.

6.         Waxed cardboard packaging.

7.         Hard vegetable fibers.

8.         Synthetic fibers.

9.         Bone.

10.       Rubber.

11.       Tin can.

12.       Crocky and ceramics.

13.       Wood.

14.       Construction material.

15.       Ferrous material.

The verbal weighting scale was ranging from Equal which is (1) to Absolutely better which is (10).

In conclusion, the study showed that under the current conditions, the digester technology would be the perfect application.

1.3. A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Waste Treatment Options for Food and Biodegradable Waste Management in Japan

Food and biodegradable waste in Japan has been creating too many logistical and environmental  issues. There were a need to evaluate serval types of  wastes management solutions in order to overcome such issues , however dealing with too many chooses and the tradeoffs and conflict between them created a confusion with multicable objectives. So multi-criteria decision analysis was used to detriment best options to go with that will satisfy all objectives. Below is the model that has been created using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) :

The result of that analysis showed that best option is to go with anaerobic digestion method as waste management system.        

 1.4.  Process Targeting of multi-characteristic product using Fuzzy logic and Genetic Algorithm with an Interval Based Taguchi Cost function

According to the author Mujahid (2007), the author has developed a proper model that is completely based on fuzzy logic and can be used for the process targeting of different characteristic products. The major thing is that these characteristics are not measurable through calculations of different parameters. In this paper, there is a complete fuzzy relation explained in a proper way. this relation is present between the input and output parameters. For that case, the author has presented a genetic algorithm for obtaining ideal process targets.

 In the first part, the author has presented the main problem and gives comprehensive information on Fuzzy logic. In the next section, a proper model is presented that will relate the relationship between the input and output parameters. Then there is complete information about the method used for targeting the parameters. Moreover, the author has presented a proper example through the fuzzy logic genetic algorithm. For the sake of ideal results, he has used novel interval-based Taguchi cost function. This will help to deviate the function from any deviation. He has used a simple genetic algorithm for obtaining process parameters for input and output. The results are showing that the output parameters are analyzed through the use of fuzzy logic (Mujahid & S. O. Duffuaa, 2007)

1.5.  A multi-objective optimization model for process targeting

            In this paper, the author has presented a multi-objective objective model. It can be noted that without any customers and consumers, the industry is not able to survive in the market. for that case, there is a need to improve the process by increasing the quality services to their customers. Through this, they are able to increase customer satisfaction.

Any organization is able to survive in the market only when its customers are completely satisfied with their services. Moreover, the main fact is that the organization is only successful when they are able to understand the problems of their customers and then work on solving these problems. Another thing is that if the organization is able to satisfy the customer, then it will become extremely easy to solve their problems in a proper way. The main thing is that organizations are facing trouble in solving complex manufacturing problems. This will leads to economic advantages. Furthermore, there is a need for comprehensive economic adjustment for the sake of process parameters.

But the fact is that there are some deviations due to the raw materials, labor, operations, and other things that occurred during the manufacturing of the product. For this research, the author has presented a proper optimization model with the help of two objective functions. The results are showing that through the help of this model, it will become easy to optimize the cost of their products (Nezhad, Abbasi, & Shahin, 2017).

3.  Objective Statement of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

The best and optimal solution of waste management transportation system has to be decided by Jubail plants to comply with applicable policies and conditions. A plant has several options to consider for this:

1.     On-Site Segregation/Recycling and primary treatment of the waste.

2.     Construct and connect pipeline to Marafirq’s industrial wastewater network.

3.     Tanker Trucking of industrial waste from the plants to RC waste management facility.

4.  Methodology of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) tool was used in this report in order to evaluate set of solution options and provide assistance tool for decision maker to be able to implement the best option for the plant waste management system.

5.  Analysis and Results of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

1.1 Evaluation Factors:

Experts in waste management system and the decision maker have been asked to identify the factors of evaluation. As a result, three critical factors have been selected to drive the decision pertaining this project:

•        Capital Expenditure (CAPEX): Initial option cost.

•        Operation and Maintenance (OPEX): Annual maintenance if required.

•        Health, Safety and Environment (HSE): associated level of risk introduced by the alternative, i.e. leakage, traffic accidents involved in trucking.

1.2.             Decision Hierarchy of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Based on the available alternatives and the developed criteria, the below decision hierarchy figure is drawn:

Figure 2: Decision Hierarchy Chart

1.3.             Pairwise Comparisons of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

At the beginning, the following scoring was adopted for the pairwise comparison of the critical factors:

1 — Equally preferred

2 — Equally to moderately preferred

3 — Moderately preferred

4 — Moderately to strongly preferred

5 — Strongly preferred

6 — Strongly to very strongly preferred

7 — Very strongly preferred

8 — Very to extremely strongly preferred

9 — Extremely preferred

Now, in order to construct the pairwise comparison in accordance to AHP framework, below tables for each criterion were developed against the three alternatives. It is worth mentioning that all the score assignments were based on the best judgment of the SMEs:

Table-1 CAPEX Comparison	CAPEX	Trucks	Pipeline	Recycling
	Trucks	1	4	4
	Pipeline	1/4	1	5
	Recycling	1/6	1/5	1

Table-2 OPEX Comparison	OPEX	Trucks	Pipeline	Recycling
	Trucks	1	3	5
	Pipeline	1/3	1	4
	Recycling	1/5	1/4	1

Table-3 HSE Comparison	HSE	Trucks	Pipeline	Recycling
	Trucks	1	1/7	1/8
	Pipeline	7	1	1/3
	Recycling	8	3	1

1.4. CAPEX Evaluation of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

To start the CAPEX evaluation, we first convert the table value to decimal representation, then, we calculate each column total by summing all its value; as shown in Table-5 below.

Table-5 CAPEX Evaluation	CAPEX	Trucks	Pipeline	Recycling
	Trucks	1	4	6
	Pipeline	0.25	1	5
	Recycling	0.167	0.20	1
	Column Total	1.417	5.2	12

The, we normalize the table values by dividing each table entry by its column total to produced normalized table, as shown in Table-6 below

Table-6 Normalized CAPEX Evaluation	CAPEX	Trucks	Pipeline	Recycling
	Trucks	0.706	0.769	0.400
	Pipeline	0.176	0.192	0.500
	Recycling	0.118	0.038	0.100

Next, we calculate the priorities vector for the CAPEX as shown below:

Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)
Priorities vector	=	=

Then, the weighted sum is calculated by multiplying the priority vector to the original matrix (table-5) resulting the below vector:

Consistency vector is then derived by dividing the weighted sum over the priority yielding the following:

 

λ = (3.400+3.014+2.899)/3 = 3.104

CI = (λ – n)/(n – 1) = 0.0520

Given that n=3, RI = 0.58

CR = CI/RI = 0.0896 which is less than 0.1, thus, the decision maker’s answers are relatively consistent.

1.5.             Remaining Factors Evaluation

Similar to the CAPEX evaluation, other factors evaluations are given by:

Table-7 Priorities vectors of Evaluation Factors		OPEX	HSE
	Priorities vectors	=	=

 

 

Table-8 Weighted sum vectors of Evaluation Factors		OPEX	HSE
	Weighted sum vectors	=	=

 

Table-9 Consistency vectors of Evaluation Factors			OPEX	HSE
	Consistency vector		=	=
Table-10 Overall vectors of Evaluation Factors		OPEX		HSE
		=		=

As shown in Table-10 above, all the CR values are less than 0.1, which indicate that assigned scoring are relatively consistent.

1.6.             Weighting Evaluation Factors of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

To assign a weight for each factor, we applied the AHP again but treating the factors as alternative, as shown in Table-11 below.

Table-11 Factors Evaluation		CAPEX	OPEX	HSE
	CAPEX	1.00	2.00	0.33
	OPEX	0.50	1.00	0.25
	HSE	3.00	4.00	1.00
	Column Total	4.5	7.0	1.58

 Then, we normalize the table values, as shown in Table-11 below:

Table-12 Normalized Factor Evaluation	CAPEX	CAPEX	OPEX	HSE
	CAPEX	0.222	0.286	0.209
	OPEX	0.111	0.143	0.158
	HSE	0.667	0.571	0.633

 Next, we calculate the priorities vector for the factors as shown below:

Table-13 Priorities vectors of Evaluation Factors	Factors Weights
	Priorities vectors	=	=

It can be noticed from Table-13 above that HSE is the most important factor and OPEX is the least important.

1.7.             Selecting Best Alternative of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

The final step now is to identify the best alternative by conducting the below multiplication matrix:

Table-14 Decision Matrix		CAPEX	OPEX	HSE	Priority
	Trucks	0.625	0.619	0.061	0.469
	Pipeline	0.290	0.284	0.302	0.292
	Recycling	0.085	0.096	0.637	0.239

 

Based on the above final table, Table-14, the Trucks alternative is clearly the best solution for the waste management, considering the decision-making context.

6.  Conclusion and Recommendations of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Conclusion of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

Summing up all the discussion from above, it is concluded that there is need of comprehensive solution for the waste management. The main reason is that there is need of better solution that will resolve the waste problem in the country. In this report, by using the strategy used the different factors like, the capital expenditure, operation expenditure and risk factors. There are different solutions proposed for the waste management. The system of the engineering tools could also assist the regional decisions making as well as municipal decisions making is allowed because the complexity for the solid waste management planning is increases in the handling of the complex planning situations. There are the different opportunities occurred due to increase of the material self-sufficiency , and it could be done  by the combination of the increasing amount of local material which is available by decreasing the demand of material along with to improving the cycling of the materials. There were a need to evaluate several types of wastes management solutions in order to overcome such issues, however dealing with too many chooses and the tradeoffs and conflict between them created confusion with multicable objectives. So multi-criteria decision analysis was used to detriment best options to go with that will satisfy all objectives. Below is the model that has been created using analytical hierarchy process (AHP): According to requirement all the objective and the solution along with the proper methods is discussed in the report. There is the proper methodology which is discussed in the report in the above section methodology. From the result section it can be concluded that there are the different factors which discussed and the objective of the report is achieved as shown in the different tables and graphs.

Recommendation of Selecting the Optimal Industrial Waste Management Solution

The recommendation for the waste management solution is that;

·         Provide the compressive as well as systematic solutions for the exiting problems of the limited investments in recycling

·         Access the recycling facilities for the information asymmetry along with lack of management waste solutions through the combination of the number for exiting promising solutions

·         Development of the appropriate implementation plans and the policy

·         Reduction of the volume of waste management to landfill  

·         Establishing the waste separation systems

·         Initiation of the collection services which support the separation  source

·         Educating the citizen of a municipally along with the local government staff

·         To seek external support for the local government staff

·         Include the process for transferring and collecting waste management

·         Corresponds the waste reduction techniques like the reusing waste , composing , recycling

·         Improve the Municipal solution of waste management

·         Refers to costs inherent in an operation of a waste management system

·         Raising public awareness and enhancing participation in waste management (Yukalang & al, 2018)