Report on Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

I.     abstract of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

In this article, there is a brief discussion on the traction motor that is used in various electric vehicles around the world. There are some important technological features that are used in electric vehicles are extremely valuable. Nowadays all-electric vehicles contain such traction motor for better efficiency. It can be seen from the last few decades, global warming is increasing day by day, and there is also a reduction in petroleum resources. Due to this problem, many countries of the world are moving towards electric vehicles. Then after this, the researchers are working on the electrification of vehicular technology. This technology is capable of minimizing the pollution that is present in the air. The next thing is that the integral part of the electric force system is further divided into different categories that contain high-quality improvements. This paper will also discuss some high-performance traction motor of the electric vehicle in detail. In the start, there is some past history of this motor then there is comprehensive information about the different topologies of traction motors. Moreover, in the next part, there is a little bit of comparison between the different topologies of this motor. Then in the last section, there is some detail about the future applications that are linked with this motor in the electric vehicles. 

Keyword: Traction motor, electric vehicle, pollution

II. Introduction of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

It can be seen that a traction motor is such a type of electrical motor that is used as a force for the vehicle. This motor is now mostly used in electric vehicles to move the motor in an efficient way. The next thing is that these motors are used in electrically powered rail vehicles. This motor also has different applications like conveyors, elevators, trolleybuses and other vehicles.

III.      Historical development in the area

In the past days, electric motors are one of the most important parts that are used in the railway. This technology is used in both diesel and also in electrically powered trains. From the past 1870s, there were steam locomotives that were the only traction motor used for railways. Then after this, there were different researchers that are working on developing these motors as the power. Then after 20 years, there is an introduction of locomotives that are used as the urban railways. In the past, there were tramcars that had been developed by different engineers and contributed their ideas. Due to this, there were many researchers that were working on different technologies for gaining comprehensive profit. Then after this, there was an introduction of the first electric motor as a workable machine. This motor was invented by Zenobe Gramme. This motor was invented accidentally, and this motor was producing an electric current [1].

The second stage started from the 1960s, which was about the development of power electronics. The oil crisis of the 1970s also affects the development of Traction motor, which was developed in the modern time period of the history of motors. The third stage is based on the current market of EV, which is used in transportation with the plan of the current situation. The modern society has modern issues regarding the use of the vehicle, such as health issues. Today, practically none of those twentieth century EVs exist; an exemption can be Toyota Prius, as yet going For this purpose different countries are planning to eliminate the fuel from the

This plan is expected to complete in the 2050s. There are many social and economic factors which are used in the plan of the manufacturer with a different type of traction motors. From the 1970s to 2010, there is a prominent difference in the power utilization of the EV in the market, which is most likely to increase in the coming years [2].

IV.     Brief description of topologies of system

Traction motors can be considered as a blend of various motors. Every one of these frameworks cooperates with one another to make the EV work, and there are various advancements that can be utilized to work the subsystems.

There are different motor topologies that are used in the traction motor vehicle with different characteristics. Different speed power of the network topologies is based on maximum power which performs lifetime battery with high efficiency. The power unit is measured with kW, and 200 kW is considered as high performance in the cars. The efficiency of the motor vehicle is also based on the voltage level, which shows more efficiency of EV, which is operated under the charge of power [3].

Following are the main topologies which are used in the EV such as:

Different motors are using this topology which impacts on the performance of the vehicle which is covered by the coils. The commuter of the coil is based on the copper division of the wires which perform more function in the performance of power generation. It provides benefits such as well establishment, reliability, low cost and simple way to use. These benefits makeable one prefers this topology to use in the EV. As there are benefits of this topology, there is also drawback such as low power density and high cost of maintenance which decrease the efficiency of the performance [4].

The next thing is related to the choice of electric motor that can be used for traction. These motors include DC series motor, DC shunt motor, Three-phase induction motor, AC series motor and linear induction motor.

Through this, there is an analysis of how the DC motor can be used for completing the requirement of traction service. It can be seen that the DC series motor is developing high-quality torque at the start that is quite important for the traction. Moreover, in DC series motor the speed control method is quite simple. This can be explained as

Now also this can be noted when a constant voltage is applied

Now if these two equations are compared with each other, this will be obtained

Now the next point is related to the DC shunt motor. This motor is not suitable for traction services. The main reason behind this that this motor only runs at a constant speed. On the other side, the speed-torque characteristics are totally different and not able to meet the requirement of traction. The next thing is that as the load is increased, this motor will become overload and it contains problems. Moreover, the flux of the DC shunt motor is not independent on the supply voltage. Furthermore, the field flux remains constant. The main reason is that the torque developed in this motor is directly proportional to the armature current.

Voltage of Rotor bar of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

It can be seen that Rotating magnetic field is involved in inducing some voltage in the rotor bars, when the voltage passes over them the below equation is showing the voltages that are induced on the voltage bars.

From this equation Torque is produced with the help of force due the magnetic field interaction then it can be written as

Torque produced by the rotor;

A.     Induction of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The induction motor topology is also used in the traction motors and known as squirrel cage, which is constructed in the simple form. The rotor of the topology based on aluminium bars which rotate the magnetic of the field with high speed. This is a great advantage which is enjoyed by the user of this type of topology. The technology is associated in the US, which classifies the efficiency of the system. Induction motors topology is inexpensive and quality robust, which require little maintenance efforts as well as with reliable sources. In EV, the efficiency could be sacrificed to get better performance in the high range. The good efficiency of the topology is considered as good performance of the system. The main benefit of this  which is also well-known as , or else  type of motor is from its simple construction. This motor is made up of laminated steel that also contain laminated steel with some aluminum bars that are forming a complete squirrel cage. The rotor contains a mass of laminated steel, along with short-circuited aluminum bars within the form of a .

Now the formula of the induction motor is given below, and the first formula is synchronous speed,

Now the motor slip is;

S=

 magnetic field speed

 : mechanical shaft speed

The torque, HP and speed

Starting current is;

A.     Synchronous PM (SPM) of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

SPM is characterized according to the features with magnetization which overcome the air gaps between the rotor and vehicle. Its excitation represents about the losses faced by the non-self-synchronous motors. In early stages, it could be used for power saving in the commuted resources, which increase the efficiency with a brushless permanent the magnet in the force with different motors between BPM and SPM motor topologies. PMs within the rotor stimulate high magnetic fields inside the air gap, devoid of excitation presents, which eventually lead to excellent power concentration [5].

Derivation of PM Synchronous of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The electrical dynamic equation in terms of phase variables can be written as;

Now the linkage with the flux;

A.     Reluctance of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

Reluctance motors have gained the attention which varies in the prices to enter in the production of power. Its main feature is to use the poles which creates different axis with different temperature. The efficiency increases the efficiency, which is reported as 95% to control the results of the performance. The performance is explained as a successful demonstration of efficiency. 

Magnetic reluctance is given by;

B.     Synchronous Brushed Motor (SBM) of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The SBM is used in the middle, which is covered with copper coil and connected to the stationery voltage with the help of rotating slip. The magnetic field is robust and covered with the coil. There is the responsibility of different links which is used in the high speed of operations, and the maintenance is considered free.

Synchronous Motor Torque and power of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

Then the power expansion is;

V.     Performance comparison of different topologies 

Following are the comparison of different topologies which are commonly used in the electric Vehicle:

Rotor DC topology	Synchronous PM	Synchronous Brushed Motor
The performance of the topology is considered an advance and its cost of the maintenance is low. The efficiency of the performance is 85% which is measured feasible. The power utilization of the EV is coal brushes which are medium in the range of performance. The rotor has contained a stack of aluminum which increase the speed of the rotor.	SPM based on the rotor magnetization, which produces high air gaps. It based on the excitation, which produces high density in the performance. It allows the flexibility of the design, which increases space in the wheel of motors. The new PM is contained with temperature, which may lead to cooling to deficiency of the performance.	The topology is based on magnetic flux which provides high speed in operations. The performance is measured in joule, which is low as compared to other machine technologies. The coal brushes produce low efficiency in the commuters and maintenance cost is low.

 VI.     Commercially available components and their use

There are different components which are used in the vehicle are used in the material of the vehicle. There are following components which are used in motor vehicles such as explained below:

Coreless: machines are used in material sectors. There is a lack of iron and material in the topology. There is a magnet which is used to connect with different units of power generating and to compensate for the high performance of the components for increasing the efficiency of the work.

Multiple Phases: there are three phases which are based on the benefits of the power system. The minimum number of the phases which supplied power to the system. Although an increasing number of phases could increase the complexity of the system. These units are used in the special task where it is required to perform special services. However, the reduction in harmony could increase the efficiency of performance [6].

In-wheel motors: In Wheel motors, it is ensured that the space is available to dive the direct performance in the different design of brake, gear and other components of the vehicles. In this component all topologies are suitable, but for better utilization of the density, there should be PM motors rotors in IWMs.

A.     Efficiency and uses of the components of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The use and efficiency of traction motors which is most likely depend on the size and the working capacity of that component in the performance of the motors. Despite the quantitative technologies being processed in various types of technologies, electric motors are considered three times better than the IC engine. These are used in increasing the efficiency of the motors up to 78%, which is enough in the utilization of topologies in electric vehicles.

 All these components are used to overcome the issues which are faced by different countries, especially regarding pollution. They considered that there is the utilization of low-quality components in the vehicles, which are the main cause of these kinds of issues. The proper use of these components in the relevant vehicle could overcome the issues which are currently faced by the users of electric vehicles. [7]

VII.     Your expectation of these topologies and components in the future applications

There are different restrictions in the environment which are faced by vehicles for many years. These policies and procedures which become the highly increasing rate of pollution in the cities. The barriers which are implemented in the case of a monopoly firm in different cases. The growth in the new and modern system develops the business of petrol station as it develops the prices of the product. The plan to utilize electric engines to drive a vehicle surfaced after the development of the engine itself. In future, this tendency is most likely to reduce the cost and refill the range of the required number of the conflicts performing by the vehicles. There are various proposals of the vehicle topologies which could be used to overcome the conflicts in the environment.

Energy resources of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

Computation of the analysis represents the distances which are covered with private use. There are also charges of freight and other journey expenses which increase the cost of the vehicles. Gases from different vehicles could increase the emission in the air, which is necessary to overcome in future.

A.     Active roads of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

Roads play an important role in the power supply of vehicles. If there is no connection of the vehicle with electric power supply, there is the efficiency of the vehicle more than 90% which is higher than batteries. Traditional vehicles which used to transfer from one place to another are equipped with positive results. This could be helpful in the high initial performance, which concluded in the best way.

1)     On-Roadway Sensors of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

In the current section, the overview of the parking space monitoring sensors including on-road sensors and off-road sensors are considered. The table given below illustrate different on-road and off-road sensors.

On-Roadway sensors

Pneumatic tube of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles The pneumatic tube work on the basis of tube that is stretched over the segments of the roadway and it checks on the basis of requirements. In this method, the vehicle compresses the tube first and then raises the air tension in the tube [5].

Loop detector of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles The inductive loop of the wire is arranged in the rectangular and circular form. The electric current is transmitted through the wire and electromagnetic field is developed for the quantifiable inductance [8].

Magnetic sensor  of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles Magnetic sensors consist of sensor coil that is inside the cylinder and function as the loop. The flux density increases due to existence of ferrous material. The magnetic sensors consist of smaller size DAM and vertical axis sense the presence of any car.

Acoustic sensor of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles The acoustic sensor relies on the sound energy and work on the basis of correlation between the vehicle and roadway. The microphone is used to process the computer in the presence of vehicles [1].

Off-Road Sensors

Ultrasonic sensor The ultrasonic sensor is used to transmit the sound wave in the frequency range of 25 – 50 kHz. The reflected waves are used from the objects and the car parking system is used to identify occupancy states.

Infrared sensor The infrared sensor works on the basis of active and passive process that transmit different sensor functions by emitting the IR waves and beams with different pulse rates towards the surface of roadway.

CCTV of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles The CCTV use image-based detection technology through the technique of image processing. The digitized pictures are transferred through the sequence system [6].

B. Battery handling of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The batteries are considered the most expensive elements in electric vehicles. The leasing program is used to increase the efficiency in the performance with a number of benefits. [8]. These components and topologies could be beneficial in future to overcome the pollution from the environment. According to the current computation of the resources which are utilized in the transferring of the goods and people, I am expecting that it would be beneficial for the electric motors to utilize these topologies to help in maintaining the resources in a perfect way. It is predicted that the prices will fall and the power of the batteries could be used as enough capacity to work in the specific task.  The penetration in the market could also overcome the risk of battery life, which is used in alternative ways to generate power.

Battery life

Battery charging time =  

Battery state of charge time =

C.     Parking reservation system (PRS) of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The PGI system has been introduced that provide essential information about empty parking spaces and routes for the driver guidance. The process has been revolutionized with the new technology that is “Multiple cars chasing the same spot”. Under the consideration the essential points to ponder on are dense traffic, sequence of traffic, congestion, environmental damage, fuel waste and driver’s frustration [9].

The technologically advanced system that is PRS work on the basis of reservation system of parking spaces that result in no conflict over the parking spaces. The cost function of drivers sometimes consists of parking revenues and resource utilization. The basic component of PRS system is the real time parking monitoring system, reservation operation centers, and communication system between the PRS system and drivers.

1)     Deterministic and the stochastic system

According the research conducted by Taghavipour, Azad, & McPhee, (2015) the mathematical problem an be resolved by measuring the acutal pattern of driver and key binary variables are used for the reservation process and allocation process [1].

The problem formulation is given as

Consider the capacity of parking as Z the minimize objective function becomes as

The condition is subjected to two constraints in the analysis.

1.      If individual driver is allocated on parking lot resource, it becomes

2.      Increased number of drivers,

2)     Further improvements of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

The further improvement in PRS system include parking reservation that guarantee the smart parking enforcement schemes. The LEDs are used to mention all the free locations in the parking areas [1].

VIII.     Conclusion of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

With the critical analysis of the above-discussed issues, it is concluded that there is political and market environment is most likely to demand electric vehicles. However, it shows that technologies which are reasonably used as the best standard in the substitute of the topologies. The research shows that the use of traction motors in the electric vehicles in detail.

All the traction motor topologies are based on the high performance of the efficiency, which is more than 75%. Some traction motors are used in just small vehicles. Different motors are using this topology which impacts on the performance of the vehicle which is covered by the coils. The commuter of the coil is based on the copper division of the wires which perform more function in the performance of power generation. The induction motor topology is also used in the motors and known as squirrel cage, which is constructed in a simple form. The rotor of the topology based on aluminum bars which rotate the magnetic of the field with high speed. Reluctance motors have gained the attention which varies in the prices to enter in the production of power. Its main feature is to use the poles, which creates a different axis with different temperature.

These technologies are used to reduce resource utilization, which increases the cost of the asset. These policies and procedures which become the highly increasing rate of pollution in the cities. The barriers which are implemented in the case of a monopoly firm in different cases. In future, this tendency is most likely to reduce the cost and refill the range of the required number of the conflicts performing by the vehicles.

The material for the utilization depends upon the torque and power which shows the efficiency of the resources. Battery development in an electric vehicle is as best to step to increase the Battery development in an electric vehicle is considered as best step to increase the efficiency of the vehicle. It could also base on the price of the battery, which will differ in the vehicle according to the density of the battery. Future trends seem to be electric vehicles with active roads and small traffic in cities.

IX.     References of Traction motors for Electric Vehicles

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