Report on Down Syndrome

Down Syndrome: The term down syndrome has been defined as the cluster of diseases. As we all know that body of humans holds the nucleus in it which holds the genetic material. Moreover, each of the gene holds a code within himself which is responsible for all the inherited traits which has been presented in the human body which has been known as chromosomes. (Antonarakis & Stylianos , 2017)The down syndrome has been happened on the body when the chromosome has been presented in the body with the ratio of 21 instead of 23. In this regard some of the common physical characteristics has been found which is decreased tone of muscle, upward incline in eyes and one deep crinkle across in the middle of palm.

Down syndrome: In this article as it has been suggested by authors that intellectual disability mainly affects almost 3 percent from all the population. As well as some of the recent studies investigates about the wide range of chromosomal abnormalities which has been presented in the person who are suffering from intellectual disability. As it is mentioned above that down syndrome has been known as abnormal condition of chromosome and it is the most obvious genetic disease. Despite form tis study also reveal that genera difference among person who hold down syndrome and euploid not only controls the map but it also controls some of the other e chromosome as well. The conceptual phenomenon of down syndrome can be caused due to the vast spreading of pleiotropic dysregulation which has been made with the expression of genes. (Antonarakis, Stylianos , & Brian , Down syndrome, 2020) To find out something that protein homeostasis can be changed into down syndrome. As well as it can also be said that the increase level of explicit genes which has been presented in the cells of CH21 trisomic which will lead a person toward neurodevelopment dysfunction.

Clinical presentation of the condition of Down Syndrome

In this it has bene mentioned that down syndrome has been describes as the abnormality in genes which has been presented in individual by birth. In this it as been mentioned that down syndrome has been caused when the chromosomes did not transfer and separate properly. The term down syndrome has been defined as the cluster of diseases. As we all know that body of humans holds the nucleus in it which holds the genetic material. The down syndrome has been divided into categories, the first one is trisomy in which it as been stared that that an extra copy of chromosome has been presented n ever cell. (Kyle & Rowland, 2018)The other type has been describing as Mosaicism which has been presented in a child by birth in tis type an extra Pair of chromosomes has been entered in the body but it is not present in every cell.

Moreover, it can also be said that individuals which holds down syndrome have the degree of evolving disability but it will be of mild or moderate in condition. As well as some of the down syndrome has been attained as in the form of delay in social and mental development.

Principles of dental management of Down Syndrome

The term down syndrome has been defined as the cluster of diseases. As we all know that body of humans holds the nucleus in it which holds the genetic material. The principles of dental management have been chosen by the individuals who are associated with the person who choose dentistry as their profession and career in their life. The time period in preparation, expense of training, entrance education and expected income, lifestyle these all things contribute a lot in the career choice. Many of the applicants which has been associated with the dental school are highly understand the caring of humans as well as the instruments of dentistry and some of the artistic and technical experience. Moreover, it will also involve the concept of loyalty of being independent in this field along with other professional of this field. Despite from this there are some other consideration has been including in this which is related with starting and operating small business. Moreover, some of the students thinks while entering before in the dentistry school they will be friendly with patients and then work with their dental problem related to their teeth’s. (Sixou, Vernusset, & Daigneau, 2017) in this regard some of them want to make good amount of money while most of them want to do.

Treatment planning modifications of Down Syndrome

The term down syndrome has been defined as the cluster of diseases. As we all know that body of humans holds the nucleus in it which holds the genetic material. In this most of the physiological and medical conditions which is associated with the DS can directly move toward having complexities in dental or some of the orthodontic health which can also impact the health of the person with down syndrome. In this regard some of the Skelton features has been involved in this which is related with brachycephalic cranium, facial mid third, anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, negative overjet mainly. these underdeveloped conditions can merge with huge tonsillar volume which has been achieved as in the form of bottlenecks along with the upward ways which mainly reveals the density (Christensen, John , & Fields, 2019) for having breathes with in mouth and this will move the person toward having sleep apnea. The availability of treatment has been based on the degree of collaboration which has been made by the patient who holds down syndrome. In this regard cooperation is required and excellent for patient as compare to the high-quality dentistry and also the involvement of orthodontics is probable in the general dental setting. If the client or patient of DS did not collaborate with the doctor then treatment under drowsiness or all-purpose anesthesia as been left as only solution for the completion of treatment of patient.

Oral complications of Down Syndrome

In tis it has been stated that down syndrome is not a disease itself but the entities who were affected from this holds the great risk of having many other systematic conditions. Moreover, there are some of the common oral complications as been mentioned here which is mainly associated with the oral soft tissue appearance in which the person with DS holds the large fissured tongue and cracked lips. Moreover, having a large tongue will also lead toward the having space in oral cavities. In this regard some of the studies reveals that the tongue size of person with down syndrome is quite different as compare to the size of normal population. S well the oral space is small in size of the normal population. (Saponaro, Paola , & Deguchi, 2016)The study also reveals that this size of fissure has ben seen as in the consequences of poor muscular control. Furthermore, in the overall oral facial muscle and temporalis muscles has been involved and as ben attain as in the form of poor sucking, poor oral seal and mainly the poor size of togue. As well as there are some of the other oral complications as ben mentioned here in which it has been said that the lower lip of the person with down syndrome is slightly ticker then the upper one. As well as continuous opening of mouth has been caused because of the large tongue.

Preventive measures to be adopted of Down Syndrome

In this regard there are some of the preventive measures has been discussed here. In this it has been said that Aneuploidy is the most obvious incident which may be occurred during pregnancy which highly affected the embryoid mainly in the first time period. Despite from this it can also be said that those embryos has been survived in the second half experienced increased late intrauterine and this will increase the death risk of infants. Moreover, to avoid such type of risk a main strategy has been adopt which is as if any of the individual want to make their family are relatively young in age and this will enhance the risk of having down syndrome. The other risk has been mentioned which is related with the age specification within the women. in this regard a study revealed that women’s who were older in age are higher on risk that this will enhance the chance of having down syndrome in infants. as well as it can also be said that when the chromosome of parental structure rearranged, they relatively enhance the possibility of having reoccurrence of down syndrome and it is quite high in rate among all other ones. Here it can also be mentioned that if a lady holds previous history of down syndrome then it will enhance the chance of having down syndrome and it has been identified during the diagnosis.

After describing the risk there are some of the prevention measures has been presented here. Here are some of the precautionary measure has been stated which will help to reduce the birth defects and down syndrome mainly. the use of folic acid can be helpful in preventing the abnormalities during birth. The folic acid has been based on vitamin B. it has been described that if a women intake folic acid one month before during her pregnancy. Then this will help them and prevent the babies from having abnormalities in brain and spinal cord. Moreover, it is also necessary for women to not to take any harmful substance. In tis it has been said that taking alcohol will passes in the baby through umbilical cord. Moreover, it is also not safe to drink during the time of pregnancy. As well as women’s have to choose healthy life style. They should have to maintain their body weight. In this it has been mentioned that obesity will also increase the serious and severe birth defects in infants.

 References of Down Syndrome

Antonarakis, & Stylianos . (2017). Down syndrome and the complexity of genome dosage imbalance. Nature Reviews Genetics, 147.

Antonarakis, Stylianos , & Brian . (2020). Down syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1-20.

Christensen, John , & Fields, H. (2019). Treatment planning and management of orthodontic problems. In Pediatric Dentistry, 512-553.

Kyle, A., & Rowland, A. (2018). Cubital tunnel syndrome: Anatomy, clinical presentation, and management. Journal of orthopaedics , 832-836.

Saponaro, Paola , & Deguchi, T. (2016). Implant therapy for a patient with Down syndrome and oral habits: A clinical repor. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 320-324.

Sixou, Vernusset, & Daigneau. (2017). Orofacial therapy in infants with Down syndrome. Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontic, 108.