Report on Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

Literature Review of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

The literature review provides deep insights regarding the work of other researchers. It is important to perform a literature review before conducting the study so that it can be identified what other researchers have contributed in this filed and what are the research gaps that need to be fulfilled (Hair, 2015). Therefore in order to perform this research extensive literature review has been performed so that the research gap can be identified and contribution in the existing literature can be made effectively. The work of different researchers is reviewed for gathering secondary data (Bryman & Bell, 2015).

In this research study the researchers Farid katiraei, Reza Iravani,Nikos Hatziagyriou and Aris Dimeas (2008) have provided detail information regarding the management of the microgrid and the features which makes microgrid system much more beneficial than the traditional grid system. In the study, the researchers have stated that there are significant benefits to the microgrid system. The microgrid is beneficial in environmental and economic terms. In order to perform the study, a significant amount of data is gathered by the researchers and then analyzed using different data analysis techniques. The researchers have provided findings to discuss how microgrid management can be enhanced (Katiraei, Iravani, Hatziargyriou, & Dimeas, 2008).

The findings of the study have shown the microgrids are different from conventional grid systems. The operational strategies and power quality constraints that are associated with microgrid are different than the traditional grid system. Therefore for the management of the microgrid system, it is important to analyze the operational features of the microgrid efficiently. In addition, the microgrid benefits depend on the operational features and controller capabilities of the grid system. If the grid system is managed appropriately and effectively than the benefit provided by the grid can be enhanced and the efficiency of power distribution will increase up to a lot of extents (Katiraei, Iravani, Hatziargyriou, & Dimeas, 2008).

The study conducted by N.W.A Lidula and A.D. Rajapakse (2011) have provided detail analysis of the microgrids according to the researchers the microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The microgrid has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. The researchers have performed the study to know regarding the existing microgrids test networks. The study has provided rief information about the existing test networks and highlighted the areas for future research purposes (N.W.A.Lidula & A.D.Rajapakse, 2011).

The findings of the research have shown that the existing microgrid test network is capable of performing load management and energy storage efficiently. However, there is a need to further analyze the benefits of microgrids and how microgrids can be used more efficiently in the future. The future researchers can utilize the research for further investigating the practical uses of the smart grids. There are many things that are needed to be analyzed regarding the microgrids and how effectively the microgrids can be utilized for making the power distribution mechanism more robust (N.W.A.Lidula & A.D.Rajapakse, 2011).

The researchers Christian Bussar, Philipp Stocker, Zhuang Cai, Luiz Moraes and Dirk Magnor (2016) have provided brief information about the integration of renewable energies in the power systems. The research study is conducted in the region of Europe. The study has analyzed the demand for the renewable energies in the period of 2050. In the research study, a significant amount of data is gathered so that the analysis of the demand can b efficiently done. In the study, a model is established regarding the European system of 2050. The data is gathered from the 21 regions of Europe for establishing the model accurately (Bussar, Stöcker, Caia, Jr., & Magnor, 2016).

Figure : typical microgrid structure

The findings of the study have shown the effective utilization of the pumped hydro, utilization of battery and hydrogen storage system. The researchers in the research findings have shown that in the renewable energy systems long term storage is highly significant. Without long term energy storage the renewable energy systems might unable to provide maximum benefit. The researchers in the research study have stated that there is a significant amount of restrictions in the transmission infrastructure. Due to restrictions in the transmission infrastructure, the demand for the long term storage has increased up to a lot of extents. the researchers have said that different technologies can help in reducing the cost o electricity (Bussar, Stöcker, Caia, Jr., & Magnor, 2016).

The research authors Xuan Liu and Bin Su (2008) have provided deep insights regarding the microgrids and integration of renewable energy technologies. The microgrid technology provides many benefits to the power systems. The microgrids not only manage load and ease the distribution of electricity but also perform the storage of energy as well. The integration of renewable energy systems in microgrid technology not only will improve the efficiency and cost structure but will also improve the mechanism of the power system. In this study, the integration of renewable energy sources in the microgrid is analyzed critically (Liu & Su, 2008).

The findings of the study have shown that the microgrid technology with the integration of renewable resources provides a variety of opportunities to the power system. The power system with these technologies can provide better distribution of electricity. In short, it can be said that through microgrid technology the traditional mechanism of distribution of electricity can be made more efficient and beneficial. Through the latest technologies not only the power system can be improved but also the costs that are associated with power systems can be reduced up to a lot of extents. Such changes have the potential to revolutionize power systems (Liu & Su, 2008).

T.Adefarati and R.C. Bansal (2017) discussed the integration of renewable energies in the microgrid. The microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The microgrid has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. In this study, the researchers have performed the economic assessment of the microgrids and how microgrids can be utilized more economically. The researchers have analyzed the stochastic traits of the PV, wind and other renewable energy resources that are modeled through the Markov approach (Adefarati & Bansal, 2017).

In the research study, the technique is proposed through which the cost of fuel and maintenance can be reduced up to a lot of extents. The cost reduction in fuel and maintenance costs will improve the efficiency and overall benefit of the microgrids. The high costs are some of the main issues which decline the overall benefit of the microgrids. Through the proposed technique the reliability and usefulness of the microgrids can be enhanced up to a lot of extents. The microgrids benefits depend on the operational features and controller capabilities of the grid system. If the grid system is managed appropriately and effectively than the benefit provided by the grid can be enhanced and the efficiency of power distribution will increase up to a lot of extents (Adefarati & Bansal, 2017).

Summary of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

The microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The Microgrids has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. The microgrids according to the researchers the microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The Microgrids has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids (Bryman & Bell, 2015).

The findings of the studies have shown that Microgrids technology with the integration of renewable resources provides a variety of opportunities to the power system. The power system with these technologies can provide better distribution of electricity. In short, it can be said that through Microgrids technology the traditional mechanism of distribution of electricity can be made more efficient and beneficial. Through the latest technologies not only the power system can be improved but also the costs that are associated with power systems can be reduced up to a lot of extents. Such changes have the potential to revolutionize power systems.                    

Part 2: MATLAB

Write a Matlab program with a user interface (preferably with a graphical user interface / GUI) to solve

·         (2.1) economic dispatch problems, and

·         (2.2) power flow problems.

 

Part (2.1): Economic dispatch using Lambda-iteration method:

Input: Quadratic fuel cost function; Total load demand; Generation limits.

Output: Optimal output of each generating unit (kW or MW); incremental cost ($/kWh or $/MWh); Total fuel cost ($/hour); Plot incremental cost (IC) curves.

Solution

Lambda iteration a method is used the initial assumption of the Lagrange Multiplier plus it uses the continuous iterations to determine the correct value of Lambda. Then this type of value is determined at satisfaction of demand.

Calculation steps include of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

·         1^st step is to solve the dispatch problem and write the cost characteristics equation of committed units for the meeting demand incremental cost ($/kWh or $/MWh);

·         Suppose value of Lagrange multiplier and determine generation sharing at value of Lambda

·         Calculate total fuel cost in value of power demand and total generations

In the below image there are the following steps which summarized the lambda iteration method;

(Dewangan et al , 2015)

MATLAB Coding of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

First find value of Optimal output of each generating unit (kW or MW); incremental cost ($/kWh or $/MWh); Total fuel cost ($/hour);

Incremental cost of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

MATLAB Results of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

 

Part (2.2): Power flow: a sample system is shown in Figure 1.

Input: Bus data (Table 1); Line data (Table 2); Select power flow solution algorithms

Output:

• Newton-Raphson – power flow solutions (see Table 3) and total power losses in MW and MVAR.

• Decoupled power flow – power flow solutions (see Table 4) and total power losses in MW and MVAR.

• DC (linear) power flow – power flow solutions.

 

Solution

• Newton-Raphson – power flow solutions

All the result and code are shown in the MATALB file;

Result:

Decoupled power flow – power flow solutions

All the result and coding shown in MTALAB file; 

DC linear Power Flow

References of Micro grids an integration of Renewable Energy Technologies

Rao, D. N. (2104). PSO Technique for Solving the Economic Dispatch Problem Considering the Generator Constraints. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 3(7).

Adefarati, T., & Bansal, R. (2017). Reliability and economic assessment of a microgrid power system with the integration of renewable energy resources. Applied Energy, 206, 911-933.

Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business Research Methods. Oxford University Press.

Bussar, C., Stöcker, P., Caia, Z., Jr., L. M., & Magnor, D. (2016). Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a European renewable power system of 2050—Sensitivity study. Journal of Energy Storage, 6, 1-10.

Dewangan et al , S. K. (2015). A Traditional Approach to Solve Economic Load Dispatch Problem Considering the Generator Constraints. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), 27-32.

Hair, J. F. (2015). Essentials of Business Research Methods. M.E. Sharpe,.

Katiraei, F., Iravani, R., Hatziargyriou, N., & Dimeas, A. (2008). Microgrids management. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine , 6(3), 54 - 65.

Liu, X., & Su, B. (2008). Microgrids — an integration of renewable energy technologies. 2008 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution.

N.W.A.Lidula, & A.D.Rajapakse. (2011). Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 186-202.