Report on Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Table of Contents

Introduction of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Microgrid could also locate near the load center which is also supply the load without the loss of power. The frequency regulation in the Microgrid is also operating the autonomous mode which is very critical and due to its intermittent nature and the renewable sources also employed. For the maintenance of the frequency regulation in the tolerance limit of microgrid, with the proper control scheme like the VSM modeling to decrease and increase the real power generations (Veronica, et al , 2019).  

The findings of the study have shown the microgrids are different from conventional grid systems. The operational strategies and power quality constraints that are associated with microgrid are different than the traditional grid system. Therefore for the management of the microgrid system, it is important to analyze the operational features of the microgrid efficiently. In addition, the microgrid benefits depend on the operational features and controller capabilities of the grid system. If the grid system is managed appropriately and effectively than the benefit provided by the grid can be enhanced and the efficiency of power distribution will increase up to a lot of extents (Katiraei, Iravani, Hatziargyriou, & Dimeas, 2008).

In the research study, the technique is proposed through which the cost of fuel and maintenance can be reduced up to a lot of extents. The cost reduction in fuel and maintenance costs will improve the efficiency and overall benefit of the microgrids. The high costs are some of the main issues which decline the overall benefit of the microgrids. Through the proposed technique the reliability and usefulness of the microgrids can be enhanced up to a lot of extents. The microgrids benefits depend on the operational features and controller capabilities of the grid system. If the grid system is managed appropriately and effectively than the benefit provided by the grid can be enhanced and the efficiency of power distribution will increase up to a lot of extents (Adefarati & Bansal, 2017).

Motivation/Scope of Work of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

The motivation of this report is to improve the frequency regulation of the microgrid.  

 Literation review of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

The literature review provides deep insights regarding the work of other researchers. It is important to perform a literature review before conducting the study so that it can be identified what other researchers have contributed in this filed and what are the research gaps that need to be fulfilled (Hair, 2015). Therefore in order to perform this research extensive literature review has been performed so that the research gap can be identified and contribution in the existing literature can be made effectively. The work of different researchers is reviewed for gathering secondary data (Bryman & Bell, 2015).

In this research study the researchers Farid katiraei, Reza Iravani, Nikos Hatziagyriou and Aris Dimeas (2008) have provided detail information regarding the management of the microgrid and the features which makes microgrid system much more beneficial than the traditional grid system. In the study, the researchers have stated that there are significant benefits to the microgrid system. The microgrid is beneficial in environmental and economic terms. In order to perform the study, a significant amount of data is gathered by the researchers and then analyzed using different data analysis techniques. The researchers have provided findings to discuss how microgrid management can be enhanced (Katiraei, Iravani, Hatziargyriou, & Dimeas, 2008).

The study conducted by N.W.A Lidula and A.D. Rajapakse (2011) have provided detail analysis of the microgrids according to the researchers the microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The microgrid has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. The researchers have performed the study to know regarding the existing microgrids test networks. The study has provided brief information about the existing test networks and highlighted the areas for future research purposes (N.W.A.Lidula & A.D.Rajapakse, 2011).

The findings of the research have shown that the existing microgrid test network is capable of performing load management and energy storage efficiently. However, there is a need to further analyze the benefits of microgrids and how microgrids can be used more efficiently in the future. The future researchers can utilize the research for further investigating the practical uses of the smart grids. There are many things that are needed to be analyzed regarding the microgrids and how effectively the microgrids can be utilized for making the power distribution mechanism more robust (N.W.A.Lidula & A.D.Rajapakse, 2011).

The researchers Christian Bussar, Philipp Stocker, Zhuang Cai, Luiz Moraes and Dirk Magnor (2016) have provided brief information about the integration of renewable energies in the power systems. The research study is conducted in the region of Europe. The study has analyzed the demand for the renewable energies in the period of 2050. In the research study, a significant amount of data is gathered so that the analyses of the demand can b efficiently done. In the study, a model is established regarding the European system of 2050. The data is gathered from the 21 regions of Europe for establishing the model accurately (Bussar, Stöcker, Caia, Jr., & Magnor, 2016).

The findings of the study have shown the effective utilization of the pumped hydro, utilization of battery and hydrogen storage system. The researchers in the research findings have shown that in the renewable energy systems long term storage is highly significant. Without long term energy storage the renewable energy systems might unable to provide maximum benefit. The researchers in the research study have stated that there is a significant amount of restrictions in the transmission infrastructure. Due to restrictions in the transmission infrastructure, the demand for the long term storage has increased up to a lot of extents. The researchers have said that different technologies can help in reducing the cost o electricity (Bussar, Stöcker, Caia, Jr., & Magnor, 2016).

The research authors Xuan Liu and Bin Su (2008) have provided deep insights regarding the microgrids and integration of renewable energy technologies. The microgrid technology provides many benefits to the power systems. The microgrids not only manage load and ease the distribution of electricity but also perform the storage of energy as well. The integration of renewable energy systems in microgrid technology not only will improve the efficiency and cost structure but will also improve the mechanism of the power system. In this study, the integration of renewable energy sources in the microgrid is analyzed critically (Liu & Su, 2008). The findings of the study have shown that the microgrid technology with the integration of renewable resources provides a variety of opportunities to the power system. The power system with these technologies can provide better distribution of electricity. In short, it can be said that through microgrid technology the traditional mechanism of distribution of electricity can be made more efficient and beneficial. Through the latest technologies not only the power system can be improved but also the costs that are associated with power systems can be reduced up to a lot of extents. Such changes have the potential to revolutionize power systems (Liu & Su, 2008).

T.Adefarati and R.C. Bansal (2017) discussed the integration of renewable energies in the microgrid. The microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The microgrid has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. In this study, the researchers have performed the economic assessment of the microgrids and how microgrids can be utilized more economically. The researchers have analyzed the stochastic traits of the PV, wind and other renewable energy resources that are modeled through the Markov approach (Adefarati & Bansal, 2017).

Problem statement of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

The Problem statement of this report is that it focused on the frequency regulation of microgrid in the transient’s condition through the means of the fast responding of external energy reserve.  Weak grid characteristics also studied and it’s simulated by the modeling of the virtual synchronous machine. The model of inverter is also developed for the integration of energy storage system to the grid of and (DSOGI-PLL) which is also implemented in the simulations part.

 System model presentation of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Modeling of the VSM also added the flexibility for the system which works with different inertia and rating constant of the SMs and diesel generator in the actual machine that will also limited (Ozsoy, et al , 2017). Inverter is also paralleled by the synchronous machine which is also helped the PLL synchronization. Supposing the micro-grid which is the prone of occurrences of disturbance and unbalances the DSOGI_PLL is used in this report, and the configuration of system is also shown in the below figure;

Figure 1: System configuration

VSM Modeling of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

VSM emulations are based on a conventional swing of the equation for the synchronous machine which is also combined by the droop mechanism equation and the basic equation of motion is as follows;

Now suppose the 2-pole machine and the simplified equation cab be written as;

The principle of droop control also describe as below equations;

Conventional droop equation of swing equation is governing the VSM dynamics;

The control diagram of VSM is shown as in below figure;

Figure: Control diagram of VSM

 Simulation results of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

In the MATALB/Simulink the simulations is performed which is also verify the inertia algorithm and test a controller for the frequency regulations. Weak grid dynamic behaviour is also observed through the switching of 3KW load and the generation system. For 3kVA the generation system is also consist by the virtual synchronous generator which is also emulate by the inertial characteristics and the conventional alternator which is in paralleled by the voltage sources and the converter is connected by the energy reserve (Bose et al , 2018). The proposed proportional control algorithms are evidently and also improve the frequency dynamics of grid is observed in below figure;

Figure: Improved frequency dynamics due to proposed controller

Thee MTALAB Simulink model is also shown;

Discussion of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

The overall discussion about this report is feasibility of the control technique which is also improving the dynamics behaviour of a microgrid with respects frequency response.  It is also presented the simple for proportional gain which is based on the controller by the proper selections of the current limits and it could also reject the acquired active demand of power in the various load changes. It is also understood the system frequency estimations is difficult in the transients, and the new frequency estimations is also based on the VSM speed which is demonstrated. It helps to avoid a time delay problems and it is encountered by the system measurements of frequency by using PLL (Zhao,et al , 2017).

 Conclusion of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Summing up all the discussion it is concluded that, the proposed system which is extensively simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink. The result is also shown which is proposed frequency of controller and it is efficient and simple for the frequency regulations. The implementation of the algorithm is also optimal sizing of the storage of energy and its need the variability of the injected power.

The microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The Microgrids has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids. The microgrids according to the researchers the microgrids have the ability or capability to store energy, manage loads and performing distributed generation. The Microgrids has the ability to manage frequency and voltage and protects the equipment that is connected with the microgrids (Bryman & Bell, 2015)

Recommendation of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

In this report system of PLL is also designed which is tested by the simulations. Put the system to test which is implemented in the various control system as well as also tested by the grid voltage like the input signals. Therefore the system also requires which is implemented like the substations and by the inverter of control system also operates.  

The simulation can also create which are more non-ideal and to be the simulated like the dip, notch. The combination for the non-ideal condition which is also simulated. The voltages of grid call also sampled and it is imported to the MATALB and simulated in the SIMULINK, as well as this method of testing by real signal and without the implementing of PLL.

  References of Frequency Regulation in Microgrid