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In
the computer network, not only a single computer connected with the system,
instead, multiple systems and devices are connected in system and they are all
interlinked with each other. In other words, it is a simple interconnection of
a huge number of devices that are connected with hosts by using different paths
for exchanging data transmission. for the communication between two or more
different devices, many types of mediums also involve which are considered as
network devices it includes bridge, hub, switch, and router. a term refers to
OSI which means open system interconnection. It is used as a model that explains
the functionalities of each layer and specific standards of communication
protocols. In the computer network, the protocol is used as the most common term.
It is a collection of algorithms and rules that explain the way how two
different entities in a network easily communicate with each other and by using
OSI models, in every layer the protocol defines.
In IT, the basis for communication
is known as computer networks. It includes many different types of networks and
also used in a large number of ways according to user requirements. For sharing the data and information
different sets of computers are interconnected with each other. A single
computer cannot perform any additional activity and in a system, computers have
to connect. People who work on the system want to share their work and data to
get better results and information.
There
are lots of benefits to using the network. For sharing information, computer
networking becomes the most successful way where through a common network all
the computers are linked together wirelessly. Across their essential’s
channels, organizations and businesses depend on messages and information that
they receive. So, there are many advantages or benefits of using the computer
network;
It boosts storage capacity, it increases cost efficiency,
it is an expensive system, it is highly flexible, it makes the file sharing
easier, it allows for more convenient resource sharing and it enhances the
availability and communication of information. it makes communication among the
organizations easier and provides the opportunity to get access to information
and data of other computers by using networking. Different organizations and
business perform them all information sharing activities and multiple tasks
perform through the network. The network also performs different activities like
it allows users to easily access and maintain the information, sharing
operating programs and software on the remote system, sharing files, sharing
devices like photocopiers, printers and scanners and communicating with
different computers through instant messaging, video, email, and many other
methods.
Networking provides lots of benefits to large and small
organizations. The system of organization required some networking because the
communication must be strong and effective and all the employees and its
management have to keep in touch with each other every time. So, networking of
computer gives many benefits to the users and help in sharing data and
information according to their requirement.
A computer network is a collection of computers that
interconnected with each other and provide an opportunity to communicate with
each other and transfer applications, data and resources according to their
requirements. According to the size of the computer network, it can be
categorized into four different types that include LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN.
LAN
stands for local area network. This is a group of computers that are interlinking
with each other in a small area like in the office of the building. Through a
communication medium like coaxial cable or twisted pair for connecting two or
more computers. It is developing with inexpensive hardware like Ethernet
cables, network adapters, and hubs so it considers less costly. It provides the
security of a high level. In the local area network, the data is going to
transfer with extremely fast speed.
MAN stands for a metropolitan area network. This is a
network in which different LANs are interconnecting to develop a large network
and cover a larger geographic area. Its range is higher as compared to LAN. In
MAN the most common use protocols are ADSL, OC-3, ISDN, ATM, Frame Relay and
RS-232 and many others. To keep connected with citizens and private industries,
government agencies normally use MAN. Through a telephones exchange line,
different LANs are connected and develop a MAN. It can be used in many areas
like for communication in the military, in a college within the city, for
airline reservations and between banks in a city.
PAN
stands for a personal area network that is developed for the individual persona
in the range of 10 meters according to its requirements. This is developing the
connectivity of computer devices for personal use. In 30 feet, the PAN covers
the area for connectivity. Personal are network involves different devices like
play station, media player, mobile phones and laptops. PAN includes two
different types; wireless personal area network and wired personal area
network.
WAN
stands of the wide-area network. This type of network cover different cities or
states is at the cover a ledge geographical area according to a greater
requirement. WAN is normally used in
education, business, and government areas. As compare to LAN, it is considered
a bigger network. The Internet is one of the great examples of WAN used all
over the world. Through telephone lines, fiber optic cable or satellite links
the WAN is spread over the large geographical area and having no limited
location.
The
design of the network is considered very important during establishing any
network. The needs and requirements must be considered of the users while
developing the network. Planning of the implementation of a computer network
infrastructure considers network design. Network designing occurs through
engineers, IT administrators, designers, and other members who are part of the
network. The designing of the network must be established before its
implementation so that all flaws and issues can be finding out before actual
implementation. Few elements must be determined in the designing of the network
that includes further growth of the organization, disaster recovery plan,
standardization of hardware and software, redundancy and backing up and
connectivity and security. These all elements must be considered with great
care and manage according to designing of the network.
The
design of the computer network occurs according to user requirement but
normally it has two basic forms for the users that include peer to peer and
client-server networks. Peer-to-peer networks connected with the devices that
provide complete accessibility to the other computers and providing the same
functions. The client-server network appoints a centralized server that has
compete for access to all clients and devices for better performance. This
network is normally used in offices or business level and peer to peer network
normally used in homes. Designing of the network must be determined according
to user requirements and area that user want to cover for sharing the information
and get complete access to all the information. the design of the network must
be smooth and error-free because if any mistake occurs in the designing then
the network never runs properly and all the efforts going to waste if network
performance is poor.
Some certain terms and
elements used in the network and having a unique ability. These include Socket,
port, MAC address, IP address, and hostname.
The socket is the unique combination of Port number and
IP address for the network. Port is considered a channel of the logical level
that can be used to send or receive the data on an application and help the
users. Every application has its unique port number and on a single host, many
applications can be run at the same time. 16-bit integer port number is
normally used but also a large bit number available for the users. MAC stands
of media access control address. The physical address also considers MAC
address and it is related to the NIC network interface card according to a unique
identifier of every host. At the time of manufacturing, the MAC address is
assigned to the NIC. The length of the MAC addresses covers 48 bits, 6 bytes,
and 12-nibbles according to user requirement.
IP
address means internet protocol address and also known as the logical address
of the network. Across the network, the IP address is the network address of
the system. As a unique identifier for each device on the internet, Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority assigns IPV4 address to identify each device in the
World Wide Web. 32-bit is the length of the IP address. The hostname is
considering the unique name of the devices in the network. Every device has its
unique hostname and it can be recognized in the network through its hostname.
With
different network types, the topologies are used to connect the computers and
develop a complete network or system according to user requirements. Topology
is the arrangement of the elements that are interlinked with each other on the network.
It explains the telecommunication
networks according to different arrangements.
These
topologies include star topology, bus topology, ring topology, mesh topology,
and hybrid topology. In the mesh topology, all the devices are connected with
the help of point to point links in a network. In this topology, the two links
only carry data for each other. And these two devices are only part of mesh
topology according to its working. In star topology, a central device is used to
maintain a connection with all other devices. The central device called Hub is
used that connects with all the computers and no any computer can send the
directions to the other computer, instead, the hub is working as middle
elements that can transfer the data from one computer to another and all the
devices who want to send data must take the help from hub device and share its
information to others.
In
the bus topology, the main cable is presented for connecting other devices.
Through the drop line, the main cable is connected with all the devices.
Through drop cable, all the devices are connected with the main cable and they
can share and deliver their data and information through the main cable and it
has also distance limitations. In the ring topology, one device is connected
with the other two devices from two sides. With the other devices, the computer
has dedicated with a point to point links from its two sides. If a device wants
to deliver the data to other then it has to send the data in one direction and
a form of ring data can be delivered to the required destination. Ring topology
is working as a repeater. Once one device sends and receives the data than the
other device able to send its data. A hybrid topology is a combination of two
different topologies like start and mesh topology and it performs the functions
of these two topologies at the same time and delivers the information according
to these two topologies in the most effective way. A hybrid topology is used at
a large scale where multiple networks are part of one network.
For every network, it is
very important to use network tools in its administration. It is very important
to determine the tools of the network according to the condition of the
network. There are multiple tools used in the different networks according to their
functionality and performance but some common tools of the network are given
below as;
The route is the tool of the
network. The route is a utility that used to present the status on the host of
the routing table. When the host has a single IP address with the single
gateway the route utility is used on the window machine. Pathping/mtr utilities
are used to take benefit from the ping and tracert or traceroute commands. More information and functionality can be
gathered by using these types of tools and from a specific host to a specific
destination, it provides a more detailed signal picture of the path
characteristics.
The
next tool is spedtest.net/pingtest.net. This tool is used to test the quality
of the internet connection and determine the internet bandwidth available to a
unique host. Speedtest.net is a good tool to use measuring the amount of
bandwidth that is available to a specific host at a specific point in time. It also determines that how much time is
required for download and uploads the information through the local remote host
and also determines the amount of bandwidth in the connection. Pingtest.net measures
the response time and jitter amount over a short period by determining the
quality of connection. With certain types of high demand traffic like Voice
over IP or gaming, the information can be used to measure the likelihood of how
better the measured connection deal with.
One
of the important tools is subnet and IP calculators in the belt of the junior
network. This tool is used with the
correct IP address configuration and unsure of a correct IP address selection/.
This tool is normally used in a senior-level network where a large amount of
information is present to calculate and also required more experience. Tera term/Putt tools as programs can provide
different functionality like connecting different types of equipment‘ serial
client is required of telnet. Through personal preference, the selection of
these tools can be occurring. Netstat
is a tool of the network that helps in determining the current state of the
active network connection in a host according to user requirements. In a different
situation, this is very important information to find out. It also uses to find
out which services on a host are belong to specific active ports in the
network. IPconfig/Ifconfig is the most
common tool use in the networks. It helps to find the specific IP configuration
that is affected by different hosts.
Internetwork in explain as by
using a single device two different networks like LAN or WAN are connected in
the network segment and they establish a local addressing scheme through
improved connectivity. This process is very effective on a large scale. OSI
means an open system interconnection model is used for internetworking. It uses
internet protocols for performing it’s all activities. Interconnection between
different people, government computer networks, industries, commercials,
private or public level the complete system is known as internetworking.
There are two basic types of internetwork;
intranet and extranet. An intranet is s private network-based protocol that
includes internet protocol and transmission control protocol. When this belongs
to any organization then all the employees of the organization able to connect with
this network. Among the organization and its all employees, it aims to share
all the information and data and resources. An extranet, internet protocol and
transmission control protocol are used as internet protocol for sharing the
information. Only limited people can get access to connect with the extranet
because of high restrictions. It is considered the lowest level of
internetworking and includes MAN, WAN or any other according to user
requirement.
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